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Global Energy Review 2025 Coal
Global coal demand growth slows Global coal demand grew by 1.2% in 2024 in energy terms, rising by around 67 million tonnes of coal equivalent (Mtce) (or in physical terms by 1.4% or 123 million tonnes). The growth rate has been declining since the strong rebound in 2021 following the end of Covid-19 lockdowns in many countries.The electricity sector continues to drive coal demand, accounting for two-thirds of global consumption. In 2024, global coal power generation grew by nearly 1% to 10 700 TWh, a new high. A key driver was record temperatures, which pushed up electricity demand for…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 3 pages
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Pakistan
In Pakistan, most of the primary energy supply comes from oil and natural gas. Hydropower is the main renewable source of energy in the country but wind and solar PV’s shares are slowly growing. More than 40 million people remain without access to electricity and half the population lack access to clean cooking facilities.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
![Pakistan Flag]()
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Josh Oxby
Former Energy Analyst.
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Elie Bellevrat
Former WEO Energy analyst.
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Coal 2025 Executive summary
…an increase in coal gasification plants, mainly in China.The most substantial growth in coal consumption between now and 2030 is expected to take place in India, where demand is forecast to rise by 3% per year on average, leading to a cumulative increase of over 200 million tonnes (Mt). Meanwhile, the fastest growth is expected to happen in Southeast Asia, where coal demand is forecast to grow by more than 4% per year to 2030.Against a complex energy backdrop, our forecast for the next five years is subject to some significant uncertainties that could impact it materially. For example, in the...
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Outlook for clean cooking in Africa
…in the ACCESS. This implies a fivefold increase in LPG and electricity consumption for cooking over today’s levels, and ten-fold for modern bioenergy, albeit from a low starting point. These increases are meaningful for African and international markets in the long-term. Sub‑Saharan Africa’s LPG demand for cooking in 2040 is equal to 8% of today’s global LPG market – around 940 kbd. Bioethanol demand would be 6% of today’s global market. Electricity for cooking increases sub-Saharan Africa’s electricity demand by 65 TWh by 2040 – 15% of the region’s current total electricity generation. Achieving universal clean…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 4. TFC Solar PV project in South Africa
…solar plant.Once fully operational, it is expected to generate about 147 GWh of solar electricity per year, contributing to South Africa’s broader efforts to decarbonise heavy industry. The project also demonstrates how foreign capital, coupled with industrial demand, can support both energy security and lower-carbon production in one of Africa’s most important mining economies.The project was announced during the 2024 China-South Africa Economic and Trade Forum, receiving support from both countries. Financing model and China’s role The TFC project is financed through a joint equity and debt structure, with CGN as the majority…
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Martin Husek
Former Energy Analyst.
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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Accelerating sustainable transport
…innovation-driven growth. Governance and improved data quality Armenia faces several institutional hurdles that complicate efforts to advance sustainable transport governance. While the 2019 merger of the former Ministry of Energy Infrastructures with the Ministry of Transport into the Ministry of Territorial Administration and Infrastructure (MTAI) has helped improve co-ordination on transport-related issues, high staff turnover threatens institutional memory and disrupts continuity. A lack of strong monitoring systems also makes it difficult to track policy implementation and measure progress.Co-ordination with the newly established Climate Policy Department within the Ministry of Environment remains limited – particularly on issues…
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Electricity 2026 Reliability
Largescale outages amid system instability, equipment failures and weather impacts As the Age of Electricity evolves, with steadily rising electrification rates and electricity demand, blackouts can impact a vast part of economies and social life. Outages induced by operational failures, technical error, or climate-driven events illustrate the importance of redundancy, resilience, and thorough oversight. The following list of outage incidents in 2025 underscores how ensuring the security, reliability and resilience of power systems is evolving from a technical challenge to a strategic necessity that requires unwavering attention from system operators, regulators, and policy leaders. Voltage management increasingly important for…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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+ 4 pages
