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How global oil supplies have readjusted to help fill the huge gap left by the Strait of Hormuz shock
…of responses by oil producers, refiners and consumers to adapt to the radically changed market conditions. Many consumers have scaled back their energy use and governments have taken steps to shelter households and businesses from the impacts, especially in the Asia-Pacific region where the effects have been felt most acutely. The IEA’s flagship Oil Market Report now estimates that global oil demand will drop by almost 5 million barrels per day in the second quarter of 2026 year-on-year, and by 1.1 million barrels per day on average for the full year. That compares with the…
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Coal 2025 Trade
International coal trade is set to decline in 2025 International coal trade grew by 3% in 2024, reaching a new record of 1 544 Mt. This growth was driven by increases in both thermal coal (up 26 Mt to 1 176 Mt) and met coal (up 21 Mt to 368 Mt). Coal trade accounted for approximately 18% of global coal demand, with thermal coal making up more than three-quarters of total traded volumes. Seaborne trade continued to dominate, representing over 90% of global coal trade in 2024.The Asia Pacific region further strengthened its dominance, accounting for 85% of global coal imports in 2024. China led…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Building the market
…misinformation. Consumers may also be unaware of existing government incentives to promote heat pumps, especially since these have only been introduced in recent years. The 2024-2025 energy challenges stemming from the gas transit shut-off to Ukraine, alongside progress in diversifying Moldova’s natural gas supplies, provide a timely opportunity to promote the benefits of heat pumps.Awareness campaigns on heat pumps will be key to educating the public on the long-term cost savings potential for households as well as the environmental benefits. They will also help dispel some of the common myths observed in other countries, such…
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Energy Security
…IEA’s oil emergency response mechanisms have proven to be a key stabilising force in global oil markets. Since 1991, the IEA has coordinated six collective responses to major oil supply disruptions, bringing critical additional supplies to oil markets amid turbulence triggered by wars, geopolitical strife and extreme weather events. The largest-ever collective response was announced in March 2026, when IEA Members unanimously agreed to make 400 million barrels of oil from emergency reserves available to the market to address major disruptions stemming from the near-closure of the Strait of Hormuz. Even in the absence of a stock r...
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Recent insights from methane emissions studies
…into the sources and scale of methane emissions. They also confirm that effective methane management requires multi-scale measurement frameworks that combine space-based, airborne and ground-based data, explicitly account for "super-emitters” and rely on dynamic inventories that can be updated as new observations emerge. This section offers selected examples of recent progress in the field that illustrate how these approaches can be applied in different settings. Further technical details and practical applications can be pursued in consultation with practitioners.In terms of satellite coverage, instruments such as GOSAT/GOSAT-2, Sentinel-2, and Sentinel-5P (TROPOMI) provide…
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Regional insights
…supporting efforts to strengthen monitoring, reporting and verification in that country’s mining sector.All of the region’s major energy producers have signed the Global Methane Pledge, except for Venezuela. Colombia is the only country with an explicit strategy for reducing methane emissions as well as regulations to limit emissions from oil and gas operations. These include explicit technology standards and restrictions on flaring and venting, as well as a requirement for biannual leak detection and repair (LDAR). Brazil is developing regulations to reduce methane emissions from the oil and gas sector, expected by 2026. In its updated Nationally…
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Cuba
Cuba’s energy supply mainly comes from oil products, accounting for over 80% of power generation.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Regulating the sector
…and renewable energy is considered from the beginning. Typically, these standards are simpler to implement because they target industry, rather than the residential sector. In existing buildings, energy codes can specify minimum performance standards, encourage renovation and mandate the replacement of polluting appliances.In Moldova, more than 75% of the building stock was built before 1990 and the rate of new construction is slow. As discussed earlier, there is also a significant gap between rural and urban renovation efforts. Building energy codes are essential for driving the retrofitting of older buildings with cleaner heating systems – and for ensuring progress in…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Broader view on energy-related strategic minerals: What risks to anticipate?
Many energy-related minerals are used across multiple sectors, including digital technologies, aerospace and high-performance materials While critical minerals are often associated with electrification, renewables and battery storage, their significance extends well beyond energy, underpinning a broad array of industrial and technological applications. From AI and robotics to high-performance materials and aerospace, these minerals’ contribution to industrial and technological development is increasing, with broad economic implications. The range of strategic materials with significant implications for the energy sector should not be underestimated. Superalloys – which require a diverse array of input metals – illustrate this: approximately two-thirds of global…
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Russia's War on Ukraine
…key energy infrastructure across the country, which in 2022 and 2023 caused extensive damage and left many Ukrainians without reliable supplies of electricity or heat for long periods. Recent improvements to Ukraine’s air defence systems have helped safeguard power supply this winter, but Russia’s attacks are ongoing, and additional resources are needed to tackle structural problems that persist within the country’s power sector.Meanwhile, the war continues to reshape the global energy system in profound ways. Trade patterns for oil and natural gas have shifted dramatically since Russia’s invasion as governments look to strengthen their energy…
