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Electricity
…emission electricity sector by providing investors with the stability and long-term investment signals required to cost-effectively deploy capital-intensive low-emission technologies like renewables, nuclear and CCUS.
Establish carbon pricing and regulations
Carbon pricing, carbon taxes and the regulation of plant emissions can encourage coal-to-gas switching and provide an important long-term investment signal for low-emission technologies.
Shift policy to competitive auctions
Auctions for the centralised competitive procurement of renewables have become increasingly widespread in recent years and have been instrumental in discovering renewable energy prices and containing policy costs in many countries…
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World Energy Investment 2025 Africa
…energy projects in Africa has fallen by approximately one-third in the last ten years, reaching USD 20 billion in 2024, largely due to a reduction of more than 85% in spending by Chinese DFIs. While representing a small share of overall spending, the public sector and DFIs are particularly important for projects in nascent markets, using new technologies or in commercially unviable areas where it can be challenging for private sector investment relying on concessional funds to ensure profitability. Against this backdrop, private equity and venture capital play a key role in financing early-stage businesses, especially in energy…
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Scaling Up Transition Finance Executive Summary
…and sectors shift over time towards sustainable practices aligned with long-term climate and development goals. Transition finance faces complex definitional challenges, which have slowed its adoption. Nonetheless, it could play an essential role in global energy investments. Today, transition finance flows remain modest, but scenarios consistent with national or global emissions reduction targets suggest that USD 400-500 billion per year in transition finance could be mobilised over the next decade—equivalent to USD 4-5 trillion cumulatively. This is comparable in scale to the current global green bond market.With its focus on sectors where emissions are hard…
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Economic growth
…of select energy efficiency policies on economic activity and found a positive correlation. In Canada, an analysis of the country’s policy package at the time found that every USD 1 spent on energy efficiency programmes would generate between USD 4 and USD 7 in GDP between 2017 and 2030. In the United States, a study funded by the Department of Energy estimated that doubling energy productivity could result in a net GDP increase of USD 922 billion between 2015 and 2030. Increase in labour productivityAn analysis of over 15 000 European firms found that those investing in energy efficiency can…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Executive summary
Despite headwinds, the markets for clean energy technologies and fuels are expanding rapidly Deployment of many clean energy technologies, fuels and materials has been growing fast, but shifting policies, economic conditions and technological progress are creating uncertainty about their prospects and economic potential. Against this backdrop, the IEA’s flagship technology publication Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) aims to separate the signal from the noise, by providing timely data, scenarios and analysis across deployment, manufacturing, trade, competitiveness and security. At a time when misjudging the moment risks wasting capital or stalling momentum, this report has been designed to help decision makers…
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Demand and Supply Measures for the Steel and Cement Transition
…reduce risk during market formation, and targeted policy measures can provide the certainty that is currently lacking in markets. Furthermore, international collaboration will be vital to make the transition faster and less costly, given the international nature of markets for industrial products, the need for large and capital-intensive technology demonstrations for near-zero emission production, and the larger demand signals that can be created by pooling commitments across borders. This report – produced at the request of the Climate Club yet generally applicable to policy discussions for industrial decarbonisation – offers considerations and options for governments to scale-up markets for…
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Financing Clean Energy in Africa Executive summary
…range of new capital sources and financing approaches. Making capital more affordable can unlock significant development across Africa Despite ample resources and favourable underlying economics, multiple barriers hinder the development of bankable clean energy opportunities in Africa and deter private investments in projects and companies at the necessary scale. The debt crisis in many parts of the continent means there is limited public capital available, including for state-owned utilities. Private capital therefore needs to play a key role, but many private investors are reluctant to enter African markets because of high perceived and actual risks. In more nascent markets…
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Global EV Outlook 2025
…latest data to assess trends in electric vehicle deployment, demand for their batteries and charging infrastructure. It considers recent policy developments and industry strategies shaping the outlook for electric vehicles in different markets. This edition features analysis of electric vehicle affordability, manufacturing and trade of electric cars and their batteries, and the total cost of ownership of electric heavy-duty trucks across various markets, and makes projections to 2030.The report is complemented by updated versions of two online tools: the Global EV Data Explorer and the Global EV Policy Explorer, which allow users to further explore EV statistics and…
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Graphite
Outlook for key energy transition minerals This report provides an outlook for demand and supply for key energy minerals including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. Demand projections encompass both key energy technologies and other uses under different IEA Scenarios. Supply projections are based on a detailed review of all announced projects. They show how today's geographical concentration evolves over time, for both mining and refining and how expected supply compares with primary supply requirements.
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Renewables
…integrated approach, connecting the utilisation of all renewable energy technologies. Policy makers should focus on implementing long-term plans for whole-economy decarbonisation and implement incentives reflecting the requirements of all economic sectors.
Shift policy to competitive auctions
Policy instruments used to support renewable power include administratively set feed-in tariffs or premiums, renewable portfolio standards, quotas and tradeable green certificate schemes, net metering, tax rebates and capital grants. Recently, auctions for the centralised competitive procurement of renewables have become increasingly widespread and have been instrumental in discovering renewable energy prices and containing policy costs in many countries, especially…