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Global Energy and Climate Model Current Policies Scenario (CPS)
The 2025 edition of the World Energy Outlook (WEO) reintroduces the Current Policies Scenario (CPS). It was a regular feature of the International Energy Agency suite of scenarios until the WEO-2020, when it was discontinued amid turmoil in energy markets and rapid changes in the policy landscape during the Covid-19 pandemic. Now that the world has passed through the pandemic and the global energy crisis triggered at the outset of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, there is merit in revisiting the CPS. The scenario relies only on measures that are formally written into existing legislation and regulation, and…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Investment and innovation
…25%.Hydrogen company valuations are being driven to new highs by one firm, while returns show modest signs of stabilisation and recovery. Bloom Energy stands out, adding almost USD 80 billion in market capitalisation in the past year, as surging electricity demand from AI data centres and long gas turbine backlogs boost prospects for its fuel cells, albeit initially running on natural gas.Multiple hydrogen technologies have advanced towards commercial deployment since 2020, but maturity remains uneven. High-capture CCUS-based hydrogen production has yet to be demonstrated, while hydrogen use in industry and synthetic hydrocarbons is only now moving to first…
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Sustainable Transport for Georgia: A Roadmap Transport in Georgia: Taking stock
…national average, despite an 8.5% drop in employment from broader labour market shifts. Overall, Georgia’s strategic location, infrastructure upgrades and participation in regional programmes have bolstered its economic resilience, improved connectivity and supported sustainable trade growth. Economic reforms and liberalisation boost development prospects Georgia has served as a model of liberalisation in the South Caucasus. After joining the WTO in 2000, it signed an Association Agreement with the European Union in 2014, including membership in the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area, which took effect in 2016. Georgia also acceded to the Energy Community Treaty in 2017, committing…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Fertilisers
State of the transition Emissions Around 60-70% of fertiliser-related GHG emissions occur during fertiliser use; the rest occur during production. In total, fertilisers emit around 1.23 Gt CO2 equivalent per year globally.The emissions intensity of ammonia has fallen by 1.1% annually over the last 10 years, driven primarily by improvements in energy efficiency. Cost Excluding policies such as CO2 pricing, ammonia production today is estimated to cost on average 30% more using carbon capture and storage (CCS) and three times more using electrolysis when compared to conventional routes. Scale and narrowing price differentials with fossil fuels can…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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World Energy Investment 2025 Latin America and the Caribbean
…Chile, Colombia and Costa Rica accounted for the largest increase, given the doubling of renewable investment flowing into the three countries. Brazil played a significant role in building momentum behind clean energy investment, thanks to the county’s enabling environment for investment in small-scale solar PV and bioenergy, further accelerated by the enactment of the Future Fuel Law in 2024. Over the same period, fossil fuel investment decreased by more than 20%, to more than USD 90 billion a year, with Brazil, Argentina and Mexico accounting for almost 70% of the total. However, the region experienced shortages and blackouts due to…
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Czechia 2025 Executive summary
…phase out coal at an almost unprecedented pace. The IEA commends Czechia for such an ambitious phase-out. Coal is a major fuel source in Czechia, currently providing more than one-third of Czechia’s electricity and half of its district heating. Coal-fired plants are slated for retirement by 2033, but economic drivers may close them earlier. This would be an extraordinary transformation of Czechia’s energy system. The transition from its fossil fuel legacy can be a springboard to building a vibrant clean energy economy. But it is not without challenges, such as addressing local impacts in coal…
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Electricity 2026 Executive summary
Electricity demand is set to grow strongly through 2030 as the Age of Electricity takes hold Global electricity demand is forecast to increase at a brisk average annual rate of 3.6% over the 2026-2030 forecast period, supported by rising consumption from industry, electric vehicles, air conditioning and data centres. Worldwide electricity demand grew by 3% year-on-year in 2025. This followed growth of 4.4% in 2024, when intense heat waves and strong industrial activity in many regions boosted electricity use. Looking ahead, annual demand growth over the next five years is set to be 50% higher…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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What Next for the Global Car Industry Policy and strategic actions
…Japan, Korea); playing to domestic strengths (e.g. Canada, Mexico, United States); investing for balanced growth (e.g. Thailand, Indonesia, Morocco, Brazil, South Africa, Türkiye); seizing new opportunities (e.g. Egypt, Viet Nam, Chile, Nigeria).Several of the archetype countries have the opportunity to build on extensive existing capabilities in internal combustion engine (ICE) car assembly and supply chains. Existing industrial clusters and know-how represent a competitive advantage, as well as a source of revenue from ICE vehicle sales as electric car markets ramp up. However, there will also be new opportunities for countries with fast-growing car markets, low energy…
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Policy trends
Existing policies and regulations would cut energy sector emissions by 25% by 2035 – far short of high-level goals National ambitions to lower emissions have grown significantly in recent years, with many new countries signing onto methane commitments. High-level methane pledges now cover around 80% of global fossil fuel production, up from around 50% in 2021. This includes the Global Methane Pledge (GMP), which today includes more than 150 countries and covers more than 50% of emissions from human activity worldwide. Launched in 2021 at the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), the GMP commits participating countries to…
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Energy and AI AI and climate change
The emergence of AI has both raised concerns that AI-fuelled data centre growth might fuel climate change and also raised expectations that AI applications in the energy sector could help reduce emissions by unlocking new optimisations and efficiencies. As over 100 countries – and the European Union – have targets to reach net zero emissions between 2030 and 2070, it is pertinent to explore what AI’s impact on emissions could potentially be. Global fuel combustion CO2 emissions are estimated to reach 35 000 million tonnes (Mt) in 2024. Data centres account for around 180 Mt of indirect CO2 emissions today from the consumption…
