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Steel
Country and regional highlights
Near zero-emission projects advance fastest in Europe, with some progress for low-emissions facilities globally
CO2 emissions
The CO2 emission intensity of steel has been relatively stable in recent years, but needs to drop significantly to align with the NZE Scenario
Energy
A reduction in reliance on coal and an increase in electricity use are required to get on track with the NZE Scenario
Activity
Material efficiency strategies are required to balance demand growth
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Thailand
Thailand’s energy policy focuses on reducing dependence on natural gas to enhance energy security. With the costs reduction of variable renewable energy, conventional Thai power generation starts giving way to alternative sources. The country’s energy policy must evolve to accommodate this change.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Financing Clean Energy in Africa Designing finance solutions for clean energy: solutions for key sectors
Summary The doubling of energy investment in Africa seen under the Sustainable Africa Scenario (SAS) requires innovative solutions to fully mobilise capital from a range of providers – national governments, DFIs and private capital. Private capital plays a key role by 2030, increasing sixfold from today’s levels, but understanding where it can be deployed is essential to enable the design of targeted interventions. And there are still some countries and sectors where grants and concessional funding need to lead. Achieving universal access to modern energy requires a major uptick in spending, reaching roughly USD 25 billion per year by 2030. Affordability constraints…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Trends in other EV modes
Trends in electric truck sales Electric truck sales doubled in 2025 to reach 9% of truck sales worldwide Sales of electric trucks continued to grow for the fifth consecutive year in 2025, exceeding 400 000 for the first time and doubling compared to the previous year. Globally, electric trucks reached 9% of all truck sales in 2025, surpassing the EV sales share for buses and light commercial vehicles.In particular, the electric heavy freight truck (HFT) segment expanded significantly: sales of electric HFTs almost tripled year-on-year, from around 84 000 in 2024 to a record high of 230 000 in 2025…
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Sodium-ion battery momentum grows, but challenges remain
…commentary sodium batteries Recent technological advances and investment announcements suggest dynamics are shifting for sodium-ion batteries Sodium-ion batteries are emerging as a new player in battery markets, offering opportunities to diversify battery chemistries and supply chains at a time of rising global demand for electric vehicles and energy storage. Developed in laboratories since the early 1980s, sodium-ion batteries operate on the same fundamental principles as lithium‑ion batteries – which currently dominate the market – yet their path to commercialisation has been markedly slower.While lithium-ion batteries entered commercial use in the 1990s – with the first electric vehicles appearing…
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Reliance on Middle East Oil and Gas Supplies by Country
Compare selected countries’ reliance on oil and natural gas imports from the Middle East This interactive chart compares selected countries’ reliance on oil and natural gas imports from the Middle East. It shows both total import volumes and how significant those imports are relative to each country’s needs. Use the toggle above to switch between oil and gas. You can then sort countries by:Share: imports from the Middle East as a share of domestic consumption and expo...
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap A pathway for heat pumps
Heat pumps can strengthen Moldova’s energy security, independence, air pollution and emissions, and even improve energy affordability. Given the regional turmoil – notably in the energy sector – over the past three years and into early 2025, there is a compelling case for reducing natural gas consumption by deploying heat pumps. While Moldova is only beginning to realise its heat pump potential, this presents a significant opportunity to design the system effectively – by stimulating demand, expanding supply, financing the transition and establishing clear regulations. A comprehensive approach will help to ensure a steady and orderly deployment. The following table recommends specific…
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Lithuania
Lithuania has undergone several energy transitions over the past decade. Despite importing a large share of its electricity, the country successfully ended its reliance on Russian energy imports in March 2022. Along with its neighbours, Estonia and Latvia, Lithuania disconnected from the Russian electricity system and completed the synchronisation of its grid with the Continental European Synchronous Area (CESA) in February 2025. By 2030, Lithuania aims to shift from being an electricity importer to becoming a net exporter. Although the country’s energy consumption still depends heavily on imported fossil fuels, the share of bioenergy in the domestic energy supply…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Hydroelectricity
Hydropower is the largest source of renewable energy today, but that could change soon
Hydro is currently the third largest source of power generation worldwide after coal and natural gas. In 2024, it generated around 4 500 terawatt-hours of electricity, or 14% of the global total.
More than 150 gigawatts (GW) of new hydro capacity is set to come online by the end of the decade, mostly in emerging and developing economies. As a result, electricity generation from hydropower is expected to increase by 7% between 2025 and 2030. However, its share in global electricity generation is poised to…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit: Case studies
The following case studies demonstrate how different countries have successfully implemented energy efficiency policies across various sectors. These real-world examples are designed to support policymakers by offering practical insights into what works, under which conditions, and why.Each case study highlights specific policy instruments—such as regulations, information campaigns, or financial incentives—and shows how they have been applied in different contexts. They provide evidence on the outcomes achieved, lessons learned, and the challenges encountered during implementation. Readers are encouraged to explore the case studies by sector, policy type, or geographic region using the filters provided. Case studies bridge…
