-
Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025 Demand: Global electricity use to grow strongly in 2025 and 2026
Global electricity demand is forecast to increase by an average annual 3.3% in 2025 and by 3.7% in 2026, a moderation from 4.4% in 2024 but still some of the highest growth rates observed over the last decade. This is a slight downward revision from our previous forecast in February 2025 of 4% growth for this year and 3.8% in 2026. The change is partly due to the IMF's downgrade of the global GDP growth outlook compared with its January 2025 update amid elevated uncertainty surrounding trade tariffs and economic prospects. Despite these downside risks…
-
Coal 2025 Supply
Coal production plateaus in 2025 as structural shifts emerge to 2030 In 2024, global coal production hit a record high of 9.1 billion tonnes, largely driven by increased output in China, India and Indonesia. China retained its position as the world’s leading coal producer, maintaining output at 4 666 Mt. Coal remains the primary energy source in both China and India, making domestic production a cornerstone of their energy security strategies. Following supply shortages in 2021, both countries have ramped up coal production for several years in a row.At 9 111 Mt, global coal production in 2025 is projected to remain at 2024…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
-
+ 2 pages
-
World Energy Employment 2024 Executive summary
Global energy employment outperformed broader labour market trends in 2023. The global energy sector added nearly 2.5 million jobs in 2023 on the back of rising investment, bringing total employment to over 67 million workers. Employment in energy – which in this report includes energy supply, the power sector, end-use efficiency and vehicle manufacturing – rose by 3.8%, outpacing the economy-wide average of 2.2%. Energy job growth was fuelled by record levels of investment across a wide range of energy sources in the wake of the global energy crisis. As a result, jobs grew rapidly in both…
-
China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Dashboard
…technologies, they are split proportionally.Fossil fuel supply: Activities related to the extraction, processing and transport of fossil fuels, including coal mining, oil and gas production, liquefaction, refining, pipelines and associated infrastructure. This category covers upstream and midstream supply rather than electricity generation.Fossil fuel generation: Electricity and heat generation using fossil fuels, including coal-, oil- and natural gas–fired power plants. It excludes fossil fuel supply activities and focuses only on power and heat production. Fossil fuel generation projects in this dashboard do not explicitly include carbon capture, utilisation and storage technologies.Grids and storage: Infrastructure for transmitting, distributing…
-
Net Zero Emissions
An increasing number of countries have been making pledges to reduce their emissions to net zero in the coming decades. To inform these efforts, the IEA released a first-of-its-kind Net Zero Roadmap in 2021, outlining what would be required within the energy sector to achieve this goal at the global level by mid-century. An update to the Roadmap, which has served as an essential benchmark for policy makers, industry, the financial sector and civil society, was published in 2023.The Roadmap is based on the IEA’s Net Zero Emissions (NZE) Scenario, which portrays a pathway for the…
-
Sudan
Most of Sudan’s electricity generation comes from hydropower, and more than half of the Eastern African region’s total oil-based capacity is located in the country. Sudan is also contemplating scaling up projects on solar power in the coming years.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
-
+ 5 pages
![Sudan Flag]()
-
Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap The hydrogen opportunity
…potential importer of hydrogen derivatives), but smaller than Morocco (an alternative supplier to Europe). The high cost of capital in Ukraine could offset lower costs from higher capacity factors.If repurposed, existing gas pipelines to the European Union could transport nearly 33 Mtpa of hydrogen (80% through Slovakia). Most of the capacity is now available. Ukraine also has 13 underground gas sites which could store 2.4 Mtpa of hydrogen; one site near the EU border has a capacity of 1.2 Mtpa. There are two initiatives exploring corridors to the European Union (1.5 Mtpa and 2.4 Mtpa) under development, but they currently lack off…
-
Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap Taking stock of the effect of war
…needed. Foreign grants and development finance may be a source of public support for hydrogen projects, but will face competing needs for restoration elsewhere in the energy system. Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has had a profound impact on the country. This chapter takes stock of the effects related to hydrogen, including demand for existing applications like ammonia and refining, as well as considering how future applications like steel have been affected. It also looks at the power sector, given that renewable hydrogen production needs a mature and well-functioning power market, and gas infrastructure that could potentia...
-
Coal 2025 Trade
International coal trade is set to decline in 2025 International coal trade grew by 3% in 2024, reaching a new record of 1 544 Mt. This growth was driven by increases in both thermal coal (up 26 Mt to 1 176 Mt) and met coal (up 21 Mt to 368 Mt). Coal trade accounted for approximately 18% of global coal demand, with thermal coal making up more than three-quarters of total traded volumes. Seaborne trade continued to dominate, representing over 90% of global coal trade in 2024.The Asia Pacific region further strengthened its dominance, accounting for 85% of global coal imports in 2024. China led…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
-
+ 2 pages
-
Indicators Handbook for Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions Key findings from workshops on challenges and opportunities for tracking progress on just and inclusive energy transitions
Several challenges and opportunities emerged from the seven workshops. These include: Data improvements and digital opportunities Improving the availability of disaggregated data offers new ways to monitor key just transition dimensions.Clean energy programmes and policies can affect groups differently. Indicators tracking their just and inclusive dimensions, therefore, require disaggregated data that allow for intersectional analysis of key socio-economic factors such as gender, age, disability, household tenure, migration status or rural-urban divides. While the availability of disaggregated data remains a fundamental challenge for tracking just transitions across the world, improving it also represents a major opportunity for policymakers…
