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How global oil supplies have readjusted to help fill the huge gap left by the Strait of Hormuz shock
commentary Stock drawdowns, alternative routes and suppliers, and agile refiners have all contributed during the crisis, avoiding far more severe impacts on demand Global energy markets have been contending with their largest supply disruption in history resulting from the near closure of the Strait of Hormuz, a vital artery for oil and gas shipments to reach global markets. The cumulative oil supply losses from producers in the Middle East now exceed 1.3 billion barrels, with flows through the Strait of Hormuz falling from around 20 million barrels per day prior to the conflict to an average of 2.7…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Implications and policy considerations
A new recipe for success? Progress on clean cooking requires efforts from a wide range of stakeholders. These include efforts to enhance countries’ policy frameworks, address consumer affordability and other barriers to adoption, cultivate a skilled workforce and mobilise additional financing to the sector – themes discussed in this chapter.Access to low-cost debt will be key for companies to grow their customer base quickly. In the ACCESS, the share of debt financing in the sector increases from 35% today to over 50%. This depends on more financiers being able to assess and appropriately price risk clean cooking companies and…
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Edith Bayer
Former Energy Policy Analyst, Energy Efficiency.
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Global Energy Review 2026 Technology: Nuclear
In 2025, 3 GW of new nuclear capacity came online, with China, India and Russia each completing work on a new reactor. However, these additions were offset by the retirement of 3 GW of nuclear capacity, two-thirds of which was in Belgium. In total, global nuclear capacity remained at 420 GW at the end of 2025, with reactors in operation in over 30 countries. There were ten construction starts in 2025 – nine in China and one in Russia – with a total capacity of 12.2 GW. Over the past decade, 94% of nuclear reactors that started construction were of…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Demand
…which remained relatively resilient. For the second half of the year, we expect a modest recovery, and therefore anticipate overall coal demand in China to fall by 0.5% in 2025.Similarly, India experienced a 2.1% year-on-year drop in coal demand for power generation in the first half of the year. This was primarily due to an early onset of the monsoon season and a high baseline of consumption in 2024, which was marked by an intense heatwave. On the other hand, the Indian steel sector showed signs of strength, as overall industrial coal demand was e...
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Coal 2025 Supply
…plateaus in 2025 as structural shifts emerge to 2030 In 2024, global coal production hit a record high of 9.1 billion tonnes, largely driven by increased output in China, India and Indonesia. China retained its position as the world’s leading coal producer, maintaining output at 4 666 Mt. Coal remains the primary energy source in both China and India, making domestic production a cornerstone of their energy security strategies. Following supply shortages in 2021, both countries have ramped up coal production for several years in a row.At 9 111 Mt, global coal production in 2025 is projected to remain at 2024’s level…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Understanding methane emissions
Atmospheric methane concentrations continue to rise Methane (CH4) is the second-most harmful greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO2), trapping outgoing heat and warming the atmosphere through a process known as radiative forcing. Though it lingers in the atmosphere for far less time (12 years, compared with centuries for CO2), methane absorbs substantially more energy while it does. Cutting methane emissions therefore promises significant near-term climate benefits. Methane carries other hazards, too: it contributes to the formation of ground-level (tropospheric) ozone, a harmful pollutant, and methane leaks can also pose explosion risks.Atmospheric methane concentrations today are 2…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 3. Saudi Arabia’s first green full-process heavy plate mill project
…which supports large industrial investment projects through financing, expedited approvals, and procurement support. Financing model and China’s role The project is structured through a joint venture. BAP Al-Khair Steel Company was established in 2024 with a 50:25:25 shareholding split between Baowu Steel Group, Saudi Aramco and PIF. Baowu initially committed USD 437.5 million for its equity share but later increased its commitment to USD 1 billion, reflecting both the size of the investment and its importance within the company’s international decarbonisation strategy. Aramco and PIF each committed about USD 500 million.The estimated project cost is…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Key questions about hydrogen
…long-term contracts, and help to diversify energy sources and trading partners. Hydrogen can also improve the resilience of the system by providing additional assets that could be used to satisfy energy demand during supply disruptions.Hydrogen can be used in multiple applications, which allows governments to adapt its use to their national contexts. In addition, the multiple conversion steps in the hydrogen supply chain mean there is additional flexibility in the degree of domestic production for each of these steps. Nevertheless, the use of hydrogen to enhance energy security also introduces a trade-off with cost, since low-emissions…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Summary
…on 11 March by making 400 million barrels of oil from their emergency reserves available to the market, the largest stock release in IEA history. But the demand side is also a crucial part of the energy security equation.In this report, the IEA details 10 demand-side options open to households, businesses and governments to shelter themselves from today’s oil shock and relieve the strains on affordability. These are based on the IEA’s longstanding expertise on energy security and on specific country examples. Governments can take the lead, both by setting an example and by facilitating these actions…
