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Kenya 2024 Executive summary
Kenya has put in place significant energy policies and strategies, and with strong institutions and ambitious targets, the country is well-positioned to reach its energy goals and continue its economic growth and development.As the largest economy in Eastern Africa and a regional leader in energy development, Kenya has made remarkable progress in increasing the rate of access to electricity among its population, putting the country on track to reach universal access to electricity by 2030. Kenya has set an ambitious target in its Vision 2030 of becoming a newly industrialising middle-income country with a high quality of…
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Luxembourg 2026 Executive summary
…uptake in clean energy choices. At the same time, Luxembourg’s small size and close integration with (neighbouring) European markets offer significant opportunities for regional co‑operation on cross-border electricity and hydrogen infrastructure.Luxembourg’s buildings sector trails other sectors in emissions reductions and would benefit from more targeted regulatory and financial levers to support the low‑carbon transition. Despite strong energy performance standards for new construction, nearly 90% of existing homes rely on fossil fuels for heating and renovation rates remain low. The buildings sector accounted for over 20% of national energy-related GHG emissions, while space heating in the…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Cement and concrete
…as material efficiency and increased use of SCMs – when paired with CCS – could potentially lower the cost of the transition. Deployment Since last year, capacity for near-zero emissions cement by 2030 has grown by 30% to about 35 Mt, driven by new projects and greater clarity on how 3 Mt of announced near-zero emissions capable capacity would operate, leading to its re-allocation.Capacity for the remaining near-zero emissions capable projects remained unchanged at 7 Mt.Despite this progress, the project pipeline falls short of the pace of the NZE Scenario by 2030. Closing the gap will require collaborative efforts…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Austria 2026 Executive summary
…further actions are needed, including strengthening competition in the electricity market (less than 5% of consumers switch suppliers) and enhancing regulatory oversight of district heating, which accounts for around 20% of all heating demand in buildings. The new Industrial Strategy 2035 provides a clear vision and new funding support for boosting Austria’s industrial productivity, attractiveness for investment and economic success. This includes providing subsidised electricity prices for energy-intensive industry, compensation for indirect CO2 costs and investments in innovation, and support for the market uptake of new technologies. For consumers, energy communities offer a new path to improve affordability:...
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Chile 2050 Energy Transition Roadmap Executive summary
Chile’s natural resource endowment is key to its growth and to global security Chile has achieved a sustained economic growth and poverty reduction trajectory. Its economy has grown steadily at an annual average rate of 2.6% since 2010. Mining remains the backbone of the economy, with copper and related industries accounting for around 50% of export earnings and 12% of GDP. Diversification efforts have increased exports of agricultural products, wine, forestry goods and seafood, but mining continues to dominate Chile’s economic landscape. While this dependence exposes Chile to global commodity cycles, it also positions the country to…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Southeast Asia
Highlights Hydrogen demand in Southeast Asia reached 4 Mt in 2024, almost 4% of the global total. Hydrogen production accounted for about 8% of the regional gas supply and 1% of regional CO2 emissions. Indonesia represents over a third of regional demand, followed by Malaysia (22%), Viet Nam (15%) and Singapore (12%). Nearly half of all demand is for ammonia, of which two-thirds comes from Indonesia alone. Refining accounts for a third of demand, with 40% located in Singapore; methanol represents the remaining 20%, with 69% in Malaysia. The region currently exports ammonia (15% of production) and imports methanol.Indonesia, Lao…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Technology: Nuclear
In 2025, 3 GW of new nuclear capacity came online, with China, India and Russia each completing work on a new reactor. However, these additions were offset by the retirement of 3 GW of nuclear capacity, two-thirds of which was in Belgium. In total, global nuclear capacity remained at 420 GW at the end of 2025, with reactors in operation in over 30 countries. There were ten construction starts in 2025 – nine in China and one in Russia – with a total capacity of 12.2 GW. Over the past decade, 94% of nuclear reactors that started construction were of…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Regional snapshots
Policymakers have woken up to these energy security challenges with a wave of new policy initiatives Governments around the world are intensifying efforts to secure critical mineral supplies through public funding, strategic partnerships and domestic policy reforms. In Europe, regulatory support and investments have ramped up to support critical mineral supply, supported by national investment funds and cross-border partnerships. North America is leveraging financial incentives to stimulate private-sector investment. Latin America, rich in critical minerals, is projected to reach USD 154 billion in mining and refining value amid regulatory reforms to attract foreign capital. China, already dominant, is…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Policies
…Several programmes in the European Union, India, Japan and United Kingdom have progressed to the second phase or beyond, with new calls building on learning from the first phase.Almost 90% of the public funding comes from advanced economies; other policy instruments like land allocation, tax incentives and reduced administrative procedures remain more common among emerging markets. The supply side still receives more support, equal to USD 1.5 for every USD 1 targeting demand.Publication of new hydrogen strategies slowed down, with five new strategies since GHR-24. Some strategies were updated, such as in France, which reduced its electrolyser target to 4…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Financing the transition
This chapter considers the economics of heat pumps versus gas boilers and biomass stoves. It explores the role of grants and subsidies and how these affect the lifetime cost of owning a heat pump compared to other heating technologies. Different policy options are then discussed, including potential avenues for multi-lateral policy support at both national and local levels. As previously mentioned, a main barrier to heat pump adoption is the high upfront cost relative to prevailing heating technologies. Governments can help to lower this hurdle through mechanisms such as upfront subsidies or grants and low-interest loans. Another way…
