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National Climate Resilience Assessment for Mozambique
Mozambique’s energy system has experienced significant disruptions due to extreme weather events, notably tropical storms and cyclones. With climate change, storms are projected to intensify, as are the risks of seasonal droughts and floods, posing a threat to the reliable operation of hydropower generation and the secure operation of the country’s coal mines. Mozambique’s plans to diversify its energy supply are an important step to enhance energy security and could be complemented by targeted measures to make its electricity system more resilient to natural hazards. Storms and tropical cyclones present the most regular extreme weather event faced…
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Serbia
In Serbia, the National Renewable Energy Action Plan set targets of renewable energy sources use until 2020, as well as the pathway to achieve them. Among other things, it enhances investments towards the development of renewables.
Data for Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004.- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
![Serbia Flag]()
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Steel
State of the transition Emissions Total CO2 emissions remain largely unchanged from recent years, while direct CO2 emissions intensity has seen an uptick since 2021. Both must fall in the coming years to get on track with the IEA’s Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE Scenario). Cost Blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) routes make up about 70% of global steel production today.Hydrogen direct reduced iron electric arc furnace (H2 DRI-EAF) routes are emerging as a preferred low-emissions option in certain regions. Early commercial plants using 100% hydrogen blends are estimated to cost 50…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Global Energy and Climate Model Techno-economic inputs
The Global Energy and Climate Model (GEC Model) uses macro drivers, techno-economic inputs and policies as input data to design and calculate the scenarios. The values for the different data categories and scenarios used in the GEC Model 2025 can be downloaded here.In particular more details regarding power generation technology costs for the Current Policies Scenario, the Stated Policies Scenario and the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario can be downloaded in excel format, including detailed projections at the 2050 horizon regarding overnight capital costs, annual O&M costs, efficiencies and other contributors to electricity costs at regional…
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Electricity 2026 Supply
…section of the report. Share of renewables and nuclear in global electricity generation reaches 50% by 2030 Renewable electricity generation is expected to rise each year by roughly 1 050 TWh. Of this, more than 600 TWh on average is set to come from solar PV alone annually to 2030, thanks to rapid uptake in many regions of the world amid strong cost declines. In 2025, growth in global electricity generation from solar PV saw the largest year-on-year increase, at 620 TWh, compared to 450 TWh in 2024. Solar PV generation is expected to overtake wind and nuclear by 2026 and hydropower by…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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+ 4 pages
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Heating
…and is an important component of energy expenditure for households, especially in colder climates. Many households use natural gas to warm their homes, provide hot water and to cook. Residential and commercial gas demand dropped by more than 15% in 2022 compared to the year before. While 40% of the decline in residential and commercial demand in Europe can be attributed to weather-related factors (reduced space heating needs due to a mild winter), a substantial part was achieved through various gas-saving measures.
The IEA’s Outlooks for gas markets and investment report estimates that gas demand in buildings…
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Czechia
Czechia has decoupled economic growth from energy consumption since 2009, yet the country’s energy and carbon intensity remain above the IEA average, which highlights the need to make energy efficiency the “first principle” of energy policy. Fossil fuels are still essential building blocks of the energy mix with coal as the single largest fuel for total energy supply and electricity generation. The country is committed to phase-out coal by 2033 and is putting in place a framework for an inclusive transition. Nuclear is the second largest electricity source and the government plans to build new nuclear units at…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
![Czechia Flag]()
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Dashboard
…Chinese official-sector financing for energy across EMDE, enabling users to explore project-level data by year, recipient country or region, technology, instrument, provider type and currency (when applicable). Developed to bring greater understanding of China’s diverse financing channels, the dashboard allows users to filter and compare flows in either USD (2024, MER) or by project count. It is designed to complement the analysis in this report and to support deeper understanding of how different institutions and instruments shape China’s role in EMDE energy finance.Use the filters to explore how Chinese energy finance is distributed around the…
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Scaling Up Transition Finance What is transition finance?
…categorise due to differences in energy pathways and timeframes across regions and have been the subject of debate, including over whether and how they should be supported.Transition finance refers to financial activities that can contribute to emissions reductions, particularly in hard-to-abate sectors as well as in emerging market and developing economies (EMDE) where finance needs are high but the support from green finance is limited. It is subject to an important process requirement, in that investments need to be grounded in transition plans, strategies or equivalents with mechanisms in place to enable tracking and follow-up.Transition…
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Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency for Business Quality and reputation
…all while reducing energy costs and embodied refrigerant emissions.Similar effects are observed in other manufacturing processes. For instance, at an Irish insulation company, replacing an inefficient moulding machine with a more efficient one, combined with waste heat recovery, led to more stable operations. As a result, defects and waste were reduced, cutting the use of waste compactors on site by 80%.Recent survey evidence confirms the scale of these effects. Among 1000 manufacturing companies across a wide range of sectors, around two-thirds report at least a medium decrease in defective production following the implementation of energy efficiency measures…
