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The Future of Electricity in the Middle East and North Africa Executive summary
A cornerstone of global energy supply and, increasingly, demand The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is at a pivotal moment in its energy journey. The region has long been a cornerstone of the global energy system. In 2024, it supplied over 30% of the world’s oil and nearly 20% of its natural gas. At the same time, it is emerging as a major centre of electricity demand growth, driven by a rapidly expanding population, urbanisation, rising living standards, and accelerating climate pressures. Between 2000 and 2024, electricity demand tripled – increasing by more than 1 000 terawatt-hours (TWh…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Setting the scene
…defined outcomes. The Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE) Scenario maps out an updated global pathway for the energy sector to achieve net zero CO2 emissions by 2050. An additional scenario, the Accelerating Clean Cooking and Electricity Services Scenario (ACCESS), is introduced in this WEO, setting out a data-driven roadmap to achieve universal access to electricity and clean cooking. Global energy demand and emissions continue to grow Global demand has grown by nearly 60% since 2000, with all the increase coming in emerging market and developing economies. All major energy sources grew over the period. Energy technology d...
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Pledges to Progress 2025 Recommendations
…from oil and gas production, the degree of cost-effectiveness in pursuing reductions, and the uptake among industry, investors and others suggest that all stakeholders are well aware of the opportunity for climate mitigation and operational efficiency.In many cases, large improvements in company scores could be achieved with better reporting and increased transparency, especially since companies are likely to be doing more than they are disclosing. This would also provide assurances to external stakeholders that the industry is turning its public pledges into action. Specific actions where improvements could make meaningful differences include:Encourage companies to sign the Oil…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Policy mechanisms for diversified mineral supplies
…These cost pressures, combined with ongoing price volatility and economic uncertainty, have constrained the growth of alternative supply sources. Well-designed market-based mechanisms can accelerate diversification without requiring unsustainable public support While public financial support is essential to unlock near-term investment, particularly for early-stage or high-risk projects, it is important to build a lasting market for more diversified supply chains through rule-based market mechanisms. Attention is therefore increasingly turning to mechanisms that can mitigate some of the key price and volume uncertainties, including standards-based incentives and demand-side structures. Price stabilisation mechanisms such as…
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Gaining an Edge Energy demand and competitiveness
…determinant of long-term investment, jobs and business competitiveness. Finding ways to reduce energy costs while producing more or better products is good for both profitability and overall economic growth. While energy prices are volatile in many countries, recent high prices combined with instability and fragmentation in energy markets have widened energy price gaps between regions. Concerns centre on how higher energy costs erode profitability, push up inflation and cause industries to downsize or relocate, due to shifting decisions on long-term investment.Energy efficiency offers a way to structurally lower energy costs year after year, while providing the same…
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Coal 2025 Demand
…with flexible coal-fired power supporting renewables and coal demand increasing for chemical production, offsetting declines in cement and other industries. ASEAN countries’ demand continues to expand on the back of new power capacity and metals processing activity. Overall, the picture is a complex interplay between expansion in emerging markets and the phase-out challenges in mature systems.In the period to 2030, global coal demand is forecast to continue its plateau, albeit falling slightly by the end of the decade. In our forecast, global coal demand in 2030 is expected to the level seen in the years prior to…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Energy technology manufacturing and trade
…domestic production. In other major importing regions, average costs of batteries are estimated to have fallen due to lower global commodity prices. The manufacturing project pipeline has contracted across most clean energy technologies since 2024. The capacity of announced projects that have been completed or cancelled since the last review exceeds that of newly announced projects. This reflects well-supplied markets for several clean energy technologies, notably for solar PV and batteries, and uncertainty about the pace of future deployment. Industry margins have tightened across the board. Solar PV manufacturers have seen margins collapse under intense price competition, notably in…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Trade and infrastructure
Highlights Trade is a major driver of project announcements. Nearly 45% of low-emissions hydrogen from announced production projects is intended for export, exceeding 16 Mtpa H₂-eq by 2030 if all materialise. Yet export-oriented projects are less likely to reach the investment stage, with only 5% having done so. These projects tend to be large scale, lacking off-takers. More than half are in emerging and developing economies, where affordable capital and export infrastructure may be limited.Some governments are supporting the large-scale offtake of low-emissions hydrogen by providing funds for long-term premiums through competitive auctions. However…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for solid fuels
…fired power generation reached a historic high in 2021. Both China and India have boosted investment in domestic coal production, but global production struggled to keep pace with demand increases, causing coal prices to surge. Russia – the world’s third-largest coal exporter – and its invasion of Ukraine complicated coal market dynamics and brought additional pressure on prices.The outlook for coal is heavily dependent on the strength of the world’s resolve to address climate change. In the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), coal demand declines gradually. In the Announced Pledges Scenario (APS), it declines about 20% below current levels…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Progress summary dashboard
Production Electrolysers Policies Investment
