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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Appliances
…programmes can lower the upfront costs of investing in appliances and can persuade consumers to buy more efficient products, while motivating technology suppliers to innovate and produce high efficiency alternatives. By offering incentives, policy makers can accelerate the transition to highly efficient appliances. More informationThis toolkit provides an overview of the most important elements of each policy instrument, but you can find more by exploring additional resources. IEA Appliance Energy Efficiency Policy online trainingIEA TCEP for Appliances and EquipmentUnited for Efficiency (U4E) Energy Efficient AppliancesIEA Energy Efficiency 2024IEA 4E TCP Annual Report 2024IEA & 4E Programme AchievementsCLASP World’s Best MEPS
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Global Energy and Climate Model About the Global Energy and Climate Model
…four years, the IEA has worked to develop a new integrated modelling framework: the IEA’s Global Energy and Climate (GEC) Model. This model is now the principal tool used to generate detailed sector-by-sector and region-by-region long-term scenarios across IEA's publications.The GEC Model brings together the unique modelling capabilities of the WEM and ETP models. The result is a large-scale, bottom-up simulation modelling framework with elements of optimisation, allowing for a unique set of analytical capacities in energy markets, technology trends, policy strategies and investments across the energy sector. The IEA…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Deployment of clean energy technologies, materials and fuels
Outlook Many clean energy technologies are increasingly cost-competitive and growing strongly. Their aggregate market value has grown 20% on average per year since 2015 to reach nearly USD 1.2 trillion. Some 80% of global solar PV and wind generation now occurs at lower levelised costs than for coal or gas. Battery prices have dropped 75% since 2015, pushing electric car sales to around 25% share in 2025. Deployment increases in all IEA scenarios: in the Current Policies Scenario (CPS), their global market value nearly doubles to around USD 2 trillion in 2035, greater than the oil market in…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Energy technology manufacturing and trade
…collapse under intense price competition, notably in China, with the top ten firms posting USD 4.5 billion in losses in 2024. Western wind producers, which incurred losses in 2022-23, are beginning to recover, while profits at Chinese wind firms are being squeezed by falling prices. Chinese battery makers remain profitable on average thanks to a small number of high performers, but those outside China are struggling to maintain positive margins. Outlook Due to a large overhang of manufacturing capacity for several clean energy technologies – notably solar PV and batteries – the investment in manufacturing capacity needed to keep pace with global...
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Global Energy and Climate Model Techno-economic inputs
The Global Energy and Climate Model (GEC Model) uses macro drivers, techno-economic inputs and policies as input data to design and calculate the scenarios. The values for the different data categories and scenarios used in the GEC Model 2025 can be downloaded here.In particular more details regarding power generation technology costs for the Current Policies Scenario, the Stated Policies Scenario and the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario can be downloaded in excel format, including detailed projections at the 2050 horizon regarding overnight capital costs, annual O&M costs, efficiencies and other contributors to electricity costs at regional…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit The Energy Efficiency Policy Package
The Energy Efficiency Policy Package
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Gaining an Edge Opportunities in efficiency markets
…reaching a value of USD 145 billion in 2024. While the overall sector expanded steadily, some companies more than doubled their revenue over the same period. Energy efficiency technologies play an increasing role in global manufacturing, an innovative space with opportunities for start-ups and established industry Strong market and production capacity growth has begun shifting the overall landscape of industrial production towards clean energy and energy efficiency technologies. The share of global investment in manufacturing capacity has remained relatively constant for traditional sectors such as pharmaceuticals, basic chemicals, steel and glass, but clean and energy efficiency technologies increased th...
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World Energy Investment 2025 Executive summary
…from net fossil fuel importers. This was led by China’s drive to reduce reliance on oil and gas imports and exert leadership in new technology areas; Europe’s push to accelerate spending on renewables and efficiency gains after Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine and the consequent cut to pipeline gas deliveries; and a pick-up in spending on solar in India. Another 20% of the increase came from the United States, where supportive policies were motivated in part by the desire to challenge China’s position in emerging clean technology supply chains. Emissions reductions provide a powerful…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Overview and key findings
…less than 10% of global growth in electricity demand, but this is a larger factor in the United States where a large share of new data centres are located. Today, around 730 million people still live without electricity, and nearly 2 billion rely on polluting cooking methods. As things stand, the world is not on track to close this huge gap in the provision of modern energy. Our new analysis draws on lessons from countries that have achieved rapid progress and outlines a new pathway to universal access, reaching this milestone in 2035 for electricity and 2040 for clean cooking.
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Global Energy and Climate Model Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
…energy, climate and related industrial policies that have been adopted or put forward, as well as policy intentions not yet codified into law but supported by markets, infrastructure and financial conditions.Like the Current Policies Scenario, the STEPS is an exploratory scenario in that it does not target a predetermined outcome. Instead, it sets the starting conditions and sees where they lead. As such, it does not assume that aspirational goals, such as those included in some Nationally Determined Contributions, are achieved. It is grounded in what policies are actually in place or planned across different sectors of the energy…