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Malta
The National energy policy of Malta was launched in December 2012. It lists decisions and actions that have already been implemented as well as measures aiming to ensure the sustainability of Malta's energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Cost of Capital Observatory
…the energy sector and inspire investor confidence, especially in emerging and developing countries where data on financing costs is scarcer.The Observatory is divided into three sections:A Dashboard that provides free data on the cost of capital for energy projects in emerging and developing economies, updated with 2023 and 2024 data in July and September 2025.A section with Tools and Analysis to help governments understand and quantify the main underlying risks perceived by investors and financiers in each country.Case Studies with lessons learnt of how policymakers, together with the private sector, development finance institutions and other entities…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Setting the scene
Context and scenario design All sources of energy increased in 2024 to meet the world’s rising energy needs. Electricity use expanded rapidly across a range of sectors. Deployment of renewable power generation again broke records in 2024, meeting more than 70% of the increase in electricity demand. Consumption of each of the fossil fuels rose. Global energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reached another all-time high. The energy sector faces many uncertainties. The global economy is projected to grow at an average rate of 3% in the 2024-2030 period, but changes in the global policy environment and…
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Global Energy and Climate Model
Scenario analysis of future energy trends Global Energy and Climate Model Over the past four years, the IEA has worked to develop a new integrated modelling framework: the IEA’s Global Energy and Climate (GEC) Model. This model is now the principal tool used to generate detailed sector-by-sector and region-by-region long-term scenarios across IEA's publications, including the World Energy Outlook series and Energy Technology Perspectives series.In 2021, the IEA adopted for the first time a new hybrid modelling approach relying on the strengths of both models. The integrated framework of the IEA’s Global…
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Kenya
Access to electricity has increased dramatically in Kenya over the past 20 years, reaching almost 3/4 of the population today. The Last Mile Connectivity Project of the Rural Electrification Authority aims to deliver universal access by 2022.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Oil Market Report - October 2025
…and selected non-IEA countries. Highlights Global oil demand rose by 750 kb/d y-o-y in 3Q25, as petrochemical feedstocks led a rebound from 2Q25’s tariff-afflicted 420 kb/d pace. Still, oil use will remain subdued over the remainder of 2025 and in 2026, resulting in annual gains forecast at around 700 kb/d in both years. This is well below historical trend, as a harsher macro climate and transport electrification make for a sharp deceleration in oil consumption growth.Total global oil supply rose by 760 kb/d m-o-m, to 108 mb/d…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Executive summary
…cars – low-emissions fuels are not only competing with fossil fuels, but increasingly with the rising use of electricity. However, the medium-term growth prospects remain bright: their market value grows significantly in both the CPS and the STEPS, from around USD 215 billion in 2025 to about USD 390 billion in 2035, equivalent to about 20% of the combined market for diesel and gasoline used in transport. Around 60% of this growth comes from the expansion of relatively mature biofuels such as biomethane, bioethanol and biodiesel. Increased use of fuels that are more costly and still at low levels…
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Heat Pumps
Heat pump sales stalled in 2023 as household budgets were squeezed
Global sales of heat pumps decreased by 3% in 2023 after two consecutive years of double-digit growth fuelled by the energy crisis. This slowdown reflects broader aversion to large-ticket purchases among consumers amid higher interest rates and inflation. Heat pumps are a large investment for households, and sales are particularly sensitive to borrowing costs and consumer sentiment.
At the same time, natural gas prices have mostly declined from their peaks in 2022, highlighting the need to tilt energy tariffs and taxes in favour of cleaner consumer choices…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Understanding GEC Model scenarios
…or the achievement of various goals related to emissions. This means that these scenarios work toward a defined outcome and map out a way to achieve it. The Accelerating Clean Cooking and Electricity Services Scenario (ACCESS) - an additional scenario included for the first time in the WEO-2025 - represents a roadmap to achieve universal access to electricity by 2035 and clean cooking by 2040. The Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario shows a global pathway to reach net zero emissions from the energy sector by 2050 without offsets from other sectors, an emissions trajectory consistent with keeping the temperature rise…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Production prospects to 2030
Only a small fraction of the total project pipeline can realistically start operating by 2030, highlighting policy gaps The potential low-emissions hydrogen production from announced projects that could be available by 2030 has declined compared to in Global Hydrogen Review 2024. With only five years to 2030, and taking into account typical development cycles, which stretch from three to six years, realising the full pipeline of projects seems very difficult. In addition, we estimate that half of the announced projects face deferred start dates compared to the commercial operation date announced by developers. Delays are particularly acute among electrolyser projects…
