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International Shipping
Country and regional highlights
Advances in emissions regulations and technologies to decarbonise shipping
CO2 emissions
CO2 emissions from international shipping continued to rebound in 2022 following a dip in 2020
Energy
Scaling up low-emission fuels is the key to decarbonising international shipping
Technology deployment
Methanol-fuelled fleet increasing in near-term
Innovation
Industry continues to develop zero-emission vessels
Supporting infrastructure
Policy
International collaboration
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What it would take to unlock the next phase of hydrogen growth
…steel sector. Demand grew by almost 2% from 2023, in line with overall energy demand growth. This consumption was almost completely met with hydrogen produced from unabated fossil fuels, using 290 billion cubic metres of natural gas and 90 million tonnes of coal equivalent. However, alternative technologies that can produce low-emissions hydrogen have attracted a lot of interest from governments given their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and diversify energy supply, particularly in countries that have a large dependence on fossil fuel imports.Low-emissions hydrogen production – or the production of hydrogen from low-emissions electricity via water electrolysis, from…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Investment and innovation
…United States allocates a larger share to CCUS-equipped production. Over 50% of total investment in 2024 and 2025 targets hydrogen use in oil refining and industrial facilities with existing hydrogen demand.Guarantees and risk-sharing instruments are essential to scaling up hydrogen projects, particularly for first-of-a-kind deployments and emerging technologies. Collaboration among original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), project developers, public funders and insurers may help reduce perceived risk and strengthen investor confidence.Hydrogen venture capital (VC) fundraising fell by one-third in 2024, outpacing declines in broader energy VC. Publicly traded hydrogen companies have also continued to see…
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Gas Flaring
CO2 emissions
The volumes of natural gas flared in 2022 were around the same level as in 2010
Technology deployment
Oil producers have a range of readily available options to reduce and avoid flaring, with a number of new technologies also under development
Policy
A number of countries have introduced policies to reduce flaring
Investment
Operators that sell high-flaring assets are often passing on a problem to other operators that may be less willing, or less able, to cut down on flaring
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Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025
…continues to grow, with all set to reach new milestones.This mid-year update follows the extensive Electricity 2025 report released in February, examining the latest trends and the outlook for the remainder of the year. It includes updated data for 2024 along with new forecasts for 2025 and 2026 covering areas such as global electricity demand, supply by fuel type, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from electricity generation. The report also analyses the latest developments in major economies including China, the European Union, India and the United States and provides updated tracking of wholesale electricity prices across markets worldwide.
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Broader view on energy-related strategic minerals: What risks to anticipate?
…This underscores how, taken together, the energy, technology and other strategic sectors are driving forces increasingly shaping critical mineral markets.In this section, we cover 20 energy-related, multisectoral minerals to understand potential risk areas that could have major economic implications. In addition to key energy minerals such as copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite, rare earths, manganese and silicon this includes other strategic minerals such as antimony, chromium, gallium, germanium, indium, molybdenum, tantalum, tellurium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium and zirconium. Strategic mineral markets remain relatively small and opaque, making disruptions harder to detect, with far-reaching consequences on downstream consumers Price…
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Gaining an Edge Summary for policymakers
…as well as users, of energy efficiency technologies stand to gain market share at a pivotal time.While industry leaders recognise the competitiveness benefits of energy efficiency, they need help to overcome barriers to action. In an IEA survey of 1 000 firms around the world, around 80% of industry leaders report that efficiency is key to their competitiveness. However, respondents indicate that they face barriers to implementing more significant measures, including significant upfront costs and insufficient workforce capacity.A renewed policy approach can position energy efficiency as a pillar of industrial strategy. With an expanded focus on SMEs and…
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The next wave of LED lighting: Smarter, circular and more efficient
…Meanwhile, LEDs sold today average close to 100 lm/W – with some premium and professional LEDs exceeding 200 lm/W. Supported by strong policies and innovation, LEDs have become one of the biggest energy efficiency success stories of recent years, with long lifetimes and falling costs helping them dominate global markets. The efficiency gains have contributed to improved energy security, reduced energy bills and avoided higher emissions.Yet the global LED transformation is not over, and a second wave of deployment is now taking shape. Uptake remains uneven across regions, while demand for brighter spaces and illuminated infrastructure continues to…
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Hydrogen
Low-emissions hydrogen projects are set to grow strongly despite wave of cancellations and persistent challenges
Worldwide hydrogen demand increased to almost 100 million tonnes in 2024, up 2% from 2023 and in line with overall energy demand growth. The vast majority of this was met by hydrogen produced from fossil fuels without measures in place to capture associated emissions. Sectors that have traditionally used hydrogen, such as oil refining and industry, remained the biggest consumers.
The uptake of low-emissions hydrogen is not yet meeting the expectations set by industry and governments in recent years, especially in light of…
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Southeast Asia Indicators Handbook for Just and Inclusive Transitions
…G20 Energy Transitions Ministerial Meeting, the IEA Global Commission published an Indicators Handbook for Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions which explores tracking and evaluation of these G20 Principles.This Southeast Asia Indicators Handbook draws on this previous work of the IEA Global Commission as well as consultations with stakeholders, regional case studies and IEA analysis. Designed as a technical resource, the Southeast Asia Indicators Handbook provides guidance for governments and other stakeholders on identifying relevant indicators as well as tools to track progress, evaluate the effectiveness of existing or planned programmes, and support the design of just and inclusive energy…
