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Global EV Outlook 2025 Trends in heavy-duty electric vehicles
Electric bus and truck sales The electric bus market continued to expand, backed by increasingly favourable economics Electric bus sales grew by 30% in 2024Global sales of electric buses reached more than 70 000 in 2024, driven by renewed growth in China. Sales outside of China increased by just 5% in 2024, although they have almost tripled compared to 2020. As electric bus sales have increased in a range of countries, China’s share of global sales has fallen from around 99% in 2017 to less than 70% in 2024. Although electric bus sales in China generally declined from 2017 to…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Executive summary
…to the loss of 1.3 million hectares of forest each year – diminishing a key resource for the continent. The combined impact of this and direct emissions from a lack of clean cooking access is equivalent to a quarter of Africa’s energy-related CO2 emissions today. Recent momentum creates a pivotal moment for clean cooking in Africa Policy and financing commitments made at the 2024 Summit on Clean Cooking in Africa are being delivered. The International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Summit secured USD 2.2 billion in commitments from public and private sectors and policy pledges from twelve African governments. Since then…
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What Next for the Global Car Industry Executive summary
…industries across the supply chain – and for the energy sector as a whole. Passenger cars are the single largest source of global oil demand today, covering around one-quarter of total consumption, while electric cars are a small but growing driver of electricity demand. The use of alternative fuels, notably biofuels, represents 5% of energy use from cars today and is set to grow in support of policy priorities such as fuel diversification and emissions reductions. The extent and pace by which cars electrify, however, is what will affect future car manufacturing as well as the energy sector the most…
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Renewables 2021 Biofuels
…recover until 2023. High ethanol prices in Brazil and lower gasoline demand in the United States relative to 2019 levels are both driving lower ethanol volumes in 2021. By 2023 US and European gasoline demand has recovered from Covid-19 disruption, but remains well below 2019 levels (IEA, 2021c). Increasing energy efficiency, surging electric vehicle sales and behaviour change all contribute to lower demand. Lower gasoline demand reduces ethanol volumes under current policies. However, ethanol demand recovery in Brazil and growing demand in Asia eventually offset declines in the United States and Europe in 2023.By comparison, in 2021 biodiesel…
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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Supply chain risks and industrial competitiveness
Supply chain risks Supply chain security remains a challenge: Clean energy technology manufacturing is highly geographically concentrated, with China as the main supplier in most supply chain stages. China accounts for around 85% of solar and 80% of lithium-ion battery supply chain production capacity, and even higher shares for PV wafers (95%) and anode materials (97%). Cybersecurity considerations further enhance the importance of addressing security of supply. An “N-1” assessment, which models the impact of losing the largest exporter in each supply chain, shows that for the final downstream stages of most of the four technologies examined – solar…
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Introduction to biogas and biomethane
…membrane separation or pressure swing adsorption. Biomethane can also be produced through gasification of solid biomass followed by methanation, although this is far less common. Consumption of biogases is increasing. However, biogases are still a relatively small part of the global energy mix – representing around 3% of total modern bioenergy production. Biomethane use has increased at a rate of 20% annually over the past 5 years, although from a low base (it is currently around 1% of natural gas demand). Most markets rely on public incentives to provide support and certainty to biogas and biomethane producers. These include: production targets…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2026 Executive summary
…key areas of the global climate and energy system through an approach that enables countries to collaborate without requiring universal consensus. The period leading up to the next Global Stocktake concluding in 2028 – when countries assess collective progress towards the Paris Agreement goals – represents a critical window to drive efforts across sectors and places a premium on delivery-oriented collaboration. Many opportunities for collaboration exist, but plans for implementation remain unclear The collaboration landscape spans hundreds of initiatives, platforms and coalitions, involving governments, businesses and civil society. This reflects broad recognition that many energy system challenges cannot be addressed through…
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- Hydrogen
- Road transport
- Steel
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Overview of outlook for key minerals
…driven by declining ore quality, particularly in more mature markets such as copper. Expected supply from announced projects suggests improving supply-demand balances, with major exceptions for copper and lithium Based on the project pipeline in the base case, overall supplies of some key energy minerals are on track to meet projected demand under today’s policy settings in the STEPS. Copper and lithium are major exceptions where expected mined supply from announced projects falls short of projected demand in 2035, with implied deficits of 30% for copper and 40% for lithium in the STEPS. The supply gap for copper…
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Gas Market Report, Q3-2025 Executive summary
Following a slowdown in 2025, global gas demand growth is forecast to accelerate in 2026 Global natural gas demand returned to structural growth in 2024 and continued to expand in the first half of 2025, albeit at a markedly slower pace. Growth was primarily concentrated in Europe and North America, with adverse weather leading to stronger gas use in the buildings and power sectors. In contrast, gas demand was subdued in Asia, with both China and India recording demand declines in the first half of 2025. Market fundamentals remained tight in the first half of 2025 due to a combination…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for solid fuels
Recent developments have dealt a blow to the idea that global coal demand might soon subside. The drop in coal demand in 2020 was more than offset by a strong rebound in 2021, taking it very close to its all-time high. In advanced economies, where coal use had been declining, demand increased by nearly 10%. In emerging market and developing economies, which account for just over 80% of global coal use today, demand rose by 5%.Coal production in 2021 struggled to keep pace with one of the largest ever annual increases in demand. Markets have been further upended…
