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Coal 2025 Demand
…driven by Indonesia and Viet Nam. In contrast, the European Union and the United States register further declines of 153 Mt and 106 Mt, respectively, as phase-out policies and fuel switching accelerate. In the rest of the world coal demand declines by 179 Mt, reflecting mixed trends across Africa, South Asia (excluding India) and other emerging markets.Across all regions, coal’s operational role is evolving. In Asia coal remains critical for electricity security and industrial processes, but its share in power generation declines steadily as renewables scale up. Advanced economies continue to phase out coal in power generation, reinforcing the structural eastward shift in…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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Coal 2025 Investments in coal projects and emissions abatement
…58%), followed by Russia (13%) and Indonesia (8%). Due to the still limited transparency in some countries, these figures should be interpreted with caution.Some trends observed last year have continued. In Russia producers are advancing infrastructure development in the Far East to support specific coal projects. In Africa there is renewed interest in projects in Mozambique. Australia is progressing with met coal developments, while market conditions have driven the sale of several assets to larger mining firms. In the United States the new administration has adopted a more favourable stance towards coal, introducing measures to promote production and demand, which…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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Global Energy Review 2026 Technology: Solar PV and wind
…1.7 GW in 2024, with only France and Germany installing new capacity.India’s annual renewable capacity additions increased by almost 60% in 2025, the fastest growth among major markets. This was driven by the commissioning of almost 50 GW of solar PV. India’s wind additions, while much smaller compared with solar PV, doubled in 2025 to reach over 6 GW. The United States installed 49 GW of renewable capacity in 2025, a decline of 10% compared with the previous year, led by lower solar PV additions.Renewable capacity additions doubled both in sub‑Saharan Africa and in t...
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Executive summary
…a result, fertiliser production costs have increased worldwide, as urea prices doubled between January and May 2026. These pressures have been compounded by rising natural gas prices and export restrictions imposed by major suppliers. Even modest reductions in fertiliser use can lead to declines in crop yields, posing risks to the food supply chain. The risk is particularly acute in import-dependent agricultural economies, such as Morocco, which meets all its demand for ammonia with imports, 40% of which come from the Middle East, or Brazil, Australia, South Africa and Thailand, which meet all their demand for urea with imp...
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Executive summary
…with notably higher sales shares in Thailand and Viet Nam. In Brazil, the largest car market in Latin America, electric car sales more than doubled to 125 000 in 2024, reaching a sales share of over 6%. Sales in Africa also more than doubled, too, mostly thanks to growing sales in Egypt and Morocco, though electric cars still represent less than 1% of total car sales across the continent. Policy support and relatively affordable electric car imports from China played a central role in increasing sales in some emerging electric vehicle (EV) markets, accounting for 85% of electric car sales in both…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Regional snapshots
…continues to expand its mining activities, alongside efforts to move up the value chain, supported by robust environmental, social and governance standards and government financing support. Africa seeks to leverage its resources to maximise economic benefits through local processing, enhance bilateral co-operation and advocate transparency in critical mineral supply chains. The Middle East sees mineral commodities as a strategic pillar in economic diversification and are deploying longer-term capital across the value chain. The regional snapshot section is a new addition this year, offering a concise overview of key regions’ activities and policy development related to critical mineral supply…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Executive summary
…be achieved based on industry announcements by 2030 stands now at 37 million tonnes per year (Mtpa), compared with 49 Mtpa by 2030 when the Global Hydrogen Review 2024 was published a year ago. Potential production fell for both projects using electrolysis and those using fossil fuels with carbon capture utilisation and storage (CCUS), although electrolysis projects were responsible for more than 80% of the total drop. These delays and cancellations included early-stage projects across Africa, the Americas, Europe and Australia. At the same time, the number of projects that have received a final investment decision grew by almost 20% since…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Regional insights
…India and China. Others, notably the Middle East, Eurasia, Africa and the United States, are net exporters of energy. A high level of import dependence can act as a spur to boost renewable and nuclear energy, diversify sources of supply and improve energy efficiency. This chapter explores energy pathways in different countries and regions. It also includes a deep dive into a pertinent topic for each region. For the United States, Latin America and Africa, we explore themes that focus on the development of domestic resources. For India, Southeast Asia and the Middle East, we explore the strategies and policies…
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What Next for the Global Car Industry Policy and strategic actions
…Japan, Korea); playing to domestic strengths (e.g. Canada, Mexico, United States); investing for balanced growth (e.g. Thailand, Indonesia, Morocco, Brazil, South Africa, Türkiye); seizing new opportunities (e.g. Egypt, Viet Nam, Chile, Nigeria).Several of the archetype countries have the opportunity to build on extensive existing capabilities in internal combustion engine (ICE) car assembly and supply chains. Existing industrial clusters and know-how represent a competitive advantage, as well as a source of revenue from ICE vehicle sales as electric car markets ramp up. However, there will also be new opportunities for countries with fast-growing car markets, low energy…
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African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA)
The African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) entered into force in July 2020. It provides for the removal of border tariffs on 97% of goods traded, over a period of 5 to 15 years, notably for: Ferrous waste and scrap . Aluminium ores and concentrates.Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys.Ferro-Nickel and Nickel Alloys.Ammonia, anhydrous or in aqueous solution. Refrigerators, freezers and other refrigerating or freezing equipment, electric or other; heat pumps other than air conditioning machines of heading. Carbon electrodes, carbon brushes, lamp carbons, battery carbons and other articles of graphite or other carbon, with or without metal, of…