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Global Energy and Climate Model About the Global Energy and Climate Model
…four years, the IEA has worked to develop a new integrated modelling framework: the IEA’s Global Energy and Climate (GEC) Model. This model is now the principal tool used to generate detailed sector-by-sector and region-by-region long-term scenarios across IEA's publications.The GEC Model brings together the unique modelling capabilities of the WEM and ETP models. The result is a large-scale, bottom-up simulation modelling framework with elements of optimisation, allowing for a unique set of analytical capacities in energy markets, technology trends, policy strategies and investments across the energy sector. The IEA…
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Global Energy Review 2025 CO2 Emissions
Energy sector carbon emissions reached a new record in 2024 Total energy-related CO2 emissions increased by 0.8% in 2024, hitting an all-time high of 37.8 Gt CO2. This rise contributed to record atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 422.5 ppm in 2024, around 3 ppm higher than 2023 and 50% higher than pre-industrial levels. In 2024, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion grew by around 1% or 357 Mt CO2, while emissions from industrial processes declined by 2.3% or 62 Mt CO2. Emissions growth was lower than global GDP growth (+3.2%), restoring the decades-long trend of decoupling emissions…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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Powering Ireland’s Energy Future Executive summary
…ambitions, exploring how the supply side could transform to meet a potential near doubling of electricity demand by 2035, driven by growth in the housing and data centre sectors and efforts to accelerate the electrification of heat and transport. This pathway illustrates how various ambitions align around the power sector, while highlighting the potential trade-offs that may need to be managed between energy security, decarbonisation and affordability. Ireland’s power system must evolve across demand, supply and operations to meet policy ambitions The properly managed electrification of heating and transport would sharply reduce Ireland’s reliance on imported f...
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Key findings
No sign that global energy-related methane emissions fell in 2025 despite progress in some areas The fossil fuel sector accounts for around 35% of methane emissions from human activity, yet there is still no sign that methane emissions from fossil fuel operations are falling, despite well-known and proven mitigation pathways. Oil, gas and coal production output reached record highs in 2025, and the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that methane emissions from these activities total 124 million tonnes (Mt) a year: oil is the largest source at 45 Mt, followed by coal at 43 Mt, and natural gas at 36 Mt. A…
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World Energy Investment 2025 Japan and Korea
…the growth in electricity demand.In the next decade, promoting renewable power will be crucial for securing energy supplies and increasing domestic energy supply to alleviate pressure on the trade balance. In recent years sustainable bonds for nuclear-related investment have emerged, and government involvement will be essential for large-scale investments.Furthermore, Japan and Korea will continue prioritising long-term liquified natural gas (LNG) contracts to mitigate short-term price volatility, while accelerating emissions reductions through proper planning and investing in clean energy. Given the similarities in their energy mix, co-operation between the two countries will be beneficial…
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Electricity Mid-Year Update 2025 Prices: Trends in wholesale markets differ across regions
Average wholesale electricity prices in the first half of 2025 rose year-on-year in various regions, including Europe, the United States and Japan, amid higher gas prices. By contrast, countries such as India and Australia saw lower wholesale prices compared to the previous year in the face of varying demand and generation trends, among other factors. At the same time, a number of markets continued to observe an increase in the occurrence of negative electricity prices. A detailed discussion of negative electricity prices and their drivers can be found in our Electricity 2025 report. Higher gas prices put upwards…
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World Energy Investment 2025 China
…critical. After years of expanding energy supply, focus has shifted to ensuring this capacity is used effectively and stable enough to meet new and evolving demand while sustaining industrial competitiveness. These priorities have materialised in two major investment trends. First is the significant push for grid, storage, and smart infrastructure, as seen from USD 88 billion in transmission and distribution investment in 2025. Heatwaves and industrial demand spikes have exposed weaknesses in China’s grid, while rapid renewable deployment has outpaced grid expansion, leading to higher curtailment rates and ineffective transmission to areas of high energy demand in the east…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Production highlights
…regions reducing the cost gap significantly due to the combination of high cost of imported natural gas, good renewable resources and policy action in the form of CO2 prices (e.g. Europe, Latin America) .China leads on electrolyser manufacturing, deployment and cost-competitiveness. This has raised concerns about a repetition of the story of the solar PV or battery sectors, for which China now holds the large majority of the supply chain, having overtaken other regions that were first movers years ago. However, using Chinese-manufactured electrolysers outside of China is expected to lead to only very modest cost savings.
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Energy and AI Energy supply for AI
Global electricity supply to meet data centre demand Global electricity generation to supply data centres is projected to grow from 460 TWh in 2024 to over 1 000 TWh in 2030 and 1 300 TWh in 2035 in the Base Case. Over the next five years, renewables meet nearly half of the additional demand, followed by natural gas and coal, with nuclear starting to play an increasingly important role towards the end of this decade and beyond.Coal, with a share of about 30%, is the largest source of electricity, though this varies significantly by region, with the highest contribution found in China. Renewables – primarily wind…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Policies
…and expand the list of energy and climate-related policies and measures that feed into our modelling. Assumptions about government policies are critical to this analysis and are the main reason for the differences in outcomes across the scenarios. A summary of some of the key policy targets and measures for different sectors by selected countries and regions can be found in the Annex B of WEO-2025.Although all care has been taken to ensure accuracy, completeness and clarity of content in these databases, this does not represent a complete listing of all energy related policies in the region…