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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Investment and innovation
Capital spending on low-emissions hydrogen projects reached nearly USD 7 billion in 2025, nearly double the 2024 level and equal to 0.7% of global investment in energy supply. Investment in electrolysis overtook investment in carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS)-based hydrogen, thanks to a stronger pipeline, higher capital intensity and faster project progress, and could account for around 70% of nearly USD 10 billion in investment in 2026.China and Europe lead committed electrolysis projects, with China accounting for more than 60% of capacity by 2026 and 25% of estimated investment. Europe represents less than 20% of capacity but 45% of…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Production prospects to 2030
Only a small fraction of the total project pipeline can realistically start operating by 2030, highlighting policy gaps The potential low-emissions hydrogen production from announced projects that could be available by 2030 has declined compared to in Global Hydrogen Review 2024. With only five years to 2030, and taking into account typical development cycles, which stretch from three to six years, realising the full pipeline of projects seems very difficult. In addition, we estimate that half of the announced projects face deferred start dates compared to the commercial operation date announced by developers. Delays are particularly acute among electrolyser projects…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Technology: Battery storage
Battery storage is the fastest growing power technology today. In 2025, 108 GW of new battery storage capacity was deployed worldwide, 40% more than in 2024. Installed capacity is now eleven times higher than in 2021. Lithium‑iron phosphate (LFP) batteries now account for around 90% of deployments; while less energy‑dense than rival chemistries commonly used in EVs, LFP batteries are typically cheaper and better suited to more frequent cycling. Just five years ago, the market share of LFP batteries in deployments was well below 50%. Around 80% of new battery capacity in 2025 was utility‑scale. The remainder was behind-the…
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Trends in the electric car industry
…China remains the world’s electric car manufacturing hub, accounting for more than 70% of global production in 2024. Production in China has been increasingly shaped by the expansion of domestic manufacturers. In 2024, Chinese OEMs accounted for more than 80% of domestic production, up from roughly two-thirds in 2021. Despite the numerous recently announced foreign direct investment plans from Chinese OEMs, their overseas production has yet to ramp up. Electric car production by Chinese OEMs operating outside China accounted for less than 2% of their global output in 2024.In the world’s second-largest electric car manufacturing…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Road transport fuels
…to the 2026 crisis in the Middle East, several countries have announced measures to encourage working from home. For example, the Philippines and Pakistan have mandated 4-day workweeks for government workers, while Sri Lanka has closed public offices on Wednesdays, and Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam are all actively promoting remote work. Many European governments also encouraged working from home in response to the energy crisis in 2022-23, including through the joint IEA-EU Playing my Part Campaign. For example, France incentivised public officials working from home in 2022, and encouraged private companies to follow this ex...
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Energy System Resilience Executive summary
…households have endured severe blackouts, with some areas – including the capital, Kyiv – losing access to power for 17 hours or more on a daily basis. As of mid-January, Ukraine's electricity demand reached 18 gigawatts (GW), while the power system's capacity stood at roughly only 11 GW – a 7 GW deficit that has forced rolling blackouts, threatened heating and water systems during severe sub-zero conditions, and endangered essential services. In response to these extreme challenges, Ukraine has showed extraordinary determination to pursue a new architecture of energy resilience through decentralised electricity and heat generation, complemented by mobile...
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Renewables 2025 Biogases
…2026, while the Netherlands is developing one. Ireland has set a national blending mandate for heating.Use in the transport sector continues to grow, especially where targets are based on fuels’ GHG performance, making biomethane more competitive, such as in Germany. On the other hand, creating a unified European market for trading green certificates remains a key demand. The new Union Database, expected to be operational for biogases in 2025, will facilitate the tracking of proof of sustainability (PoS) certificates required under the Renewable Energy Directive (RED).Germany, the world’s largest biogas and biomethane market, with a combined prod...
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Scaling Up Transition Finance Financial institutions and transition finance
…enabling mechanisms that support credible action even without full planning capacity.The role of transition finance could be reaffirmed to enable progress where decarbonisation is most difficult and urgent, engaging with real-world constraints rather than avoiding them. This implies the possibility of moving away from viewing transition finance as a “second tier” of green finance and positioning it as an equal “second pillar” of global financing for emissions reductions. Public and private actors could design supportive frameworks to scale transition investments, including the safeguards that can ensure that they make a lasting contribution to strengthen energy security and deliv...
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Global Energy Review 2026 Technology: Electric vehicles
Electric car sales increased by more than 20% year-on-year in 2025, rising to 21 million units, with one in four cars sold being electric. This was in line with the IEA’s forecast for annual sales share in the 2025 edition of the Global EV Outlook. Intense domestic competition, attractive prices and the growing availability of different models have supported the rapid rollout of EVs in China, with electric cars capturing more than half of all annual car sales for the first time in 2025. Sales of electric heavy-freight trucks also tripled in 2025, reaching more than…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Broader view on energy-related strategic minerals: What risks to anticipate?
Many energy-related minerals are used across multiple sectors, including digital technologies, aerospace and high-performance materials While critical minerals are often associated with electrification, renewables and battery storage, their significance extends well beyond energy, underpinning a broad array of industrial and technological applications. From AI and robotics to high-performance materials and aerospace, these minerals’ contribution to industrial and technological development is increasing, with broad economic implications. The range of strategic materials with significant implications for the energy sector should not be underestimated. Superalloys – which require a diverse array of input metals – illustrate this: approximately two-thirds of global…
