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Gaining an Edge Energy demand and competitiveness
Energy is at the centre of competitiveness amid high costs, growing demand, and rising trade pressures Energy is a vital input into all productive sectors of the economy. In an environment of fierce global competition and shifting trade patterns, energy costs are a major determinant of long-term investment, jobs and business competitiveness. Finding ways to reduce energy costs while producing more or better products is good for both profitability and overall economic growth. While energy prices are volatile in many countries, recent high prices combined with instability and fragmentation in energy markets have widened energy price gaps between regions…
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The Implications of Oil and Gas Field Decline Rates Executive summary
…static production. At the same time, less investment is required in a scenario in which demand contracts. A detailed look at today’s global supply picture The composition of oil and gas production has changed rapidly in recent years with the notable rise of tight oil and shale gas. In 2000, conventional oil fields contributed 97% of total oil output globally, however, by 2024 this share had fallen to 77% as a result of rising output from unconventional fields. In the case of natural gas, around 70% of the 4 300 billion cubic metres (bcm) produced today is from conventional fields, with…
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What Next for the Global Car Industry The global car industry in context
Highlights Global car markets are undergoing potentially transformative changes. Car sales reached a high point in 2017 and have bounced back from a pandemic-related drop due to sales of electric and hybrid cars; sales of conventional cars have continued to fall. Growth has shifted to emerging economies including China since the turn of the century, with around half of all sales now in these regions. Global car production has grown unevenly since the pandemic. China’s car output reached a record 27 million in 2024, 30% higher than in 2019, while India’s output grew 30% to almost 5…
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Kenya 2024 Executive summary
Kenya has put in place significant energy policies and strategies, and with strong institutions and ambitious targets, the country is well-positioned to reach its energy goals and continue its economic growth and development.As the largest economy in Eastern Africa and a regional leader in energy development, Kenya has made remarkable progress in increasing the rate of access to electricity among its population, putting the country on track to reach universal access to electricity by 2030. Kenya has set an ambitious target in its Vision 2030 of becoming a newly industrialising middle-income country with a high quality of…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 2. Southern power grid’s acquisition of Enel Peru distribution assets
…reduction strategy, the sale opened an opportunity for a long-term investor with strong operational expertise.Against this backdrop, China Southern Power Grid International (CSGI) – a subsidiary of China Southern Power Grid (CSG), one of China’s two national grid SOEs – acquired an 83.15% stake in Enel Distribución Perú in April 2023, adding the remaining public shares by the end of 2024. The transaction was subject to strict antitrust scrutiny by Peru's Competition Authority INDECOPI, and was finally approved in June 2024. The company, now renamed Pluz Energía Perú, is the country’s largest electricity distributor, serving around…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Trade and infrastructure
Trade remains a key driver of low-emissions hydrogen projects, and would underpin over 40% of announced volumes by 2030 if all projects materialise. Less than 8% of this, around 1 Mtpa H₂-eq (hydrogen equivalent), comes from projects that are operational, in construction, or have committed investments, compared with around 16% across the overall project pipeline.First shipments of low-emissions hydrogen are taking place, enabling trials of logistics and certification approaches. Long-term bilateral contracts dominate, particularly for ammonia and ammonia-derived fertilisers, while hot briquetted iron (HBI) is gaining prominence.Announced hydrogen pipeline projects, including new and repurposed natural…
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World Energy Investment 2025 Africa
…especially in low-emissions power. Global technology cost reductions have improved the competitiveness of clean energy and solar PV now represents the least-cost source of power in many African countries. This has led to a tripling of private sector clean energy investment, rising from around USD 17 billion in 2019 to almost USD 40 billion in 2024. Public and development finance (DFI) funding for energy projects in Africa has fallen by approximately one-third in the last ten years, reaching USD 20 billion in 2024, largely due to a reduction of more than 85% in spending by Chinese DFIs…
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Coal 2025 Prices and costs
Prices Coal prices averaging lower in 2025 than in previous years After unprecedented prices in 2021 and 2022 amid the energy crisis, coal prices continued to be higher than the pre-Covid levels throughout 2023 and 2024. Prices for different coal qualities generally move in tandem, as partial substitution is possible. Thermal coal is mainly consumed in power generation and in this section is classified into low-CV (CV below 4 200 kcal/kg), mid-CV (CV between 4 200 kcal/kg and 5 700 kcal/kg) and high-CV (CV above 5 700 kcal/kg) categories. In some cases, direct substitution between grades is feasible, and blending…
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- Demand
- Supply
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World Energy Investment 2025 Latin America and the Caribbean
…a more reliable and interconnected grid. Positive examples can be found in Central American Electrical Interconnection System (SIEPAC) and in Brazil, that has been able to implement about 350 independent power transmission (IPT) with a total of 10 500 km of transmission line auctioned in 2024. Moreover, Peru and Chile also implemented IPTs, with the Peruvian government awarding 14 projects worth over USD 2 billion and Chile tendering more than 20 projects valued at USD 900 million. Despite rising investment in renewables, Latin America only accounts for 5% of privately financed global investment in clean energy, reflecting high interest rates, lack of long-term finance and…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Cost acceptability
Analysis of the costs of hydrogen in different end-uses enables identification of the maximum acceptable costs for hydrogen users, i.e. the maximum amount that can be spent on the hydrogen feedstock within a low-emissions pathway while maintaining the same total levelised cost of production as the incumbent pathway to produce the same commodity.This can enable policy makers and investors to identify sectors with both high maximum acceptable hydrogen costs and high potential volumes that can serve as lead markets for low-emissions hydrogen. Cost acceptability can be influenced by policies and depends on technologies, fuels and…