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Global Energy and Climate Model Understanding GEC Model scenarios
…the same starting point and is based on the latest data for energy supply and demand, markets, technology costs and policies, as well as the same pathways for future population and economic growth.The energy system described and explored in each scenario evolves in a distinctive pathway that delivers energy services with a different mix of technologies and fuels, with varying implications for energy security, affordability and emissions. This is primarily due to differing assumptions about how energy policies are implemented and evolve, and how these interact with the evolution of energy technologies and markets. By comparing the WEO scenarios…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Implications of CPS and STEPS
…developing economies in Asia, including China, are the destination for nearly 60% of the oil and gas exported globally in 2035 in both scenarios, up from 45% today. The total fossil fuel import bill for these countries rises by 40% in the CPS over the next ten years, reaching USD 1.2 trillion by 2035. Although total energy investment is marginally lower in the CPS than in the STEPS, energy prices and overall energy bills are generally higher. Supplies of key critical minerals are catching up with demand growth to 2035 if anticipated projects come through on time, with the important exception…
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Gaining an Edge Policy implications
…enforcement and monitoring. For the industry sector, a key challenge for policy makers can be to assess and clearly communicate the value of energy efficiency policies. This is primarily due to the lack of robust practices for collecting data on results achieved, including the wider benefits beyond energy savings or reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. An IEA survey of 1 000 industrial firms, conducted in 2025, indicates that more than half of the companies have experienced a broad range of benefits from energy efficiency and 88% can quantify or estimate the monetary value of these benefits. While energy efficiency policies…
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Financing CCUS at Scale Executive summary
The current wave of investment in carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) is larger and more geographically diverse than ever before. Momentum in private capital flowing into projects is reflected in the more than 30 final investment decisions (FIDs) that have been reached in the past 2 years alone, particularly in Europe and North America, and in key sectors including transport and storage, industry, and power. Investment has grown more than 15-fold since 2020, reaching over USD 5 billion in 2025. The pipeline of projects currently under construction suggests that after years of incremental capacity additions, operational capture capacity is set…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Building
…economies lack robust building and energy codes. Success statements Countries have adopted and implemented building codes, standards and other policies that are aligned with internationally endorsed definitions and principles of near-zero emissions and resilient buildings Why is it important to achieve the success statement to reach the sectoral breakthrough goal?Building codes, standards and certifications shape how buildings are designed, constructed, operated and renovated, providing an opportunity to embed energy and material efficiency, circularity, low-emissions and climate resilience practices across the building life cycle for decades. They can serve to improve design, construction and management quality across the…
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- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Electric vehicle batteries
…to grow, while the share of the United States is projected to decline from about 13% in 2024 to less than 10% by 2030. Meanwhile, China’s share of global battery demand declines from 60% in 2024 to just under 50% by 2030, although it remains by far the single largest source of demand. Battery industry trends Chinese manufacturers are increasing their competitive advantage Low critical mineral prices and intense competition drove down battery prices in 2024, but China’s price advantage is wideningPrices for lithium-ion battery packs fell 20% in 2024 – the largest drop since 2017 – as a resu...
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Executive summary
…fuel sources that suffer from availability and sustainability issues. Heat pump technology offers Moldova an effective means of accelerating the transition in building heating. This roadmap discusses the status of Moldova’s heating sector, the potential for heat pump deployment, and key policy recommendations for creating and maintaining a stable heat pump sector. Strengthening energy security while improving efficiency, curbing natural gas use and working toward European Union accession Heat pumps offer multiple benefits. By implementing the policy recommendations outlined in this roadmap, Moldova can build a heat pump sector that strengthens energy security, improves efficiency, lowers greenhouse gas emissions…
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World Energy Investment 2025 Middle East
…region’s power, and the Middle East, together with the United States, accounted for nearly half of all new natural gas-fired financial investment decisions in 2024. The region also has growing contributions from renewables and nuclear, which have doubled their share since 2015 to reach almost 15% in 2024. Overall clean energy investment for generation is expected to be around USD 10 billion in 2025. The region is also responsible for the majority of global fossil fuel subsidies, which dwarf its total power investment. Mineral development is gaining momentum in the region with higher domestic exploration of lithium, copper and rare…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Executive summary
…30%, significantly exceeding the 10% annual growth rate seen in the 2010s. Demand for nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earths increased by 6‑8% in 2024. This growth was largely driven by energy applications such as electric vehicles, battery storage, renewables and grid networks. In the case of copper, the rapid expansion of grid investments in China has been the single largest contributor to demand growth over the past two years. For battery metals such as lithium, nickel, cobalt and graphite, the energy sector accounted for 85% of total demand growth over the same period.Despite this rapid demand growth, major…
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World Energy Investment 2025 India
…levels. This is promoted in part by rules permitting 100% FDI across electricity generation sources (with the exception of nuclear) and transmission infrastructure. However, foreign portfolio investment in energy has declined in the past two years due to a range of macroeconomic and sectoral factors, even as the longer-term trend has been one of steady growth.India’s cost of capital for grid-scale renewable energy is one of the lowest among its emerging market and developing economy counterparts. However, it is still 80% higher than in advanced economies. Higher financing costs affect the financial viability of projects, leading…