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Global Energy Review 2025 CO2 Emissions
…3%, reflecting the continued reliance on fossil fuels to meet expanding industrial activity and improve energy access.China’s energy-related CO2 emissions grew by an estimated 0.4% year-on-year in 2024, with most of the growth occurring in the first quarter due to the residual impact of lockdowns in early 2023. Energy demand surged throughout the year, driven by record-breaking heatwaves, economic stimulus measures, industrial growth and a strong rebound in the residential and service sectors. Despite these pressures, the expansion of clean energy – particularly in wind and solar PV – helped mitigate emissions growth. Hydropower generation…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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COP28 Tripling Renewable Capacity Pledge 2025: Update Key Findings
…renewables ambitions. However, despite higher ambitions emerging from national policies, a significant ambition gap with the tripling pledge remains. One hundred-plus countries took policy action over the last year, with half increasing their renewable ambitions Fifty-one countries, have raised their renewable capacity ambitions for 2030, signalling growing national commitments to higher deployment. Conversely, 21 countries reduced their ambitions due to changing policy priorities or electricity demand projections that were lower than expected, while 29 countries maintained the same level of ambition in the new documents released. Concurrently, 49 countries did not release any new policy documents related to renewable…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Road transport
…are highest in China, where around 1 in 10 cars is now electric. Success statements Zero-emission light-duty vehicle pledges are translated into policies, and more key markets join heavy-duty vehicle pledges Why is it important to achieve the success statement to reach the sectoral breakthrough goal?While significant recent growth in electric vehicle (EV) sales is encouraging, it remains uneven across geographies and segments. Governments play an important role in accelerating zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) adoption by setting high-level targets and adopting related regulations for fuel economy or CO2 standards. By working together, countries can amplify…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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Renewables 2021 Renewable electricity
…growing support, renewables face a range of policy uncertainties and implementation challenges, including those relating to financing, permitting, social acceptance and grid integration. Current increases in commodity prices have put upward pressure on investment costs, while the availability of raw materials and rising electricity prices in some markets pose additional challenges for wind and solar PV manufacturers in the short term. However, the impact of volatile commodity and transport prices on demand are expected to be limited, as high fossil fuel prices improve the competitiveness of wind and solar PV further.Our accelerated case assumes that governments address policy, regulatory…
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Lithuania 2025 Executive summary
…The strategy also includes fostering industrial development related to renewables-based hydrogen. This requires a lot of electricity, and in the NEIS main scenario, electricity demand will increase sixfold by 2050, half of which will be used for hydrogen production. However, hydrogen market development has been slower than expected, both in Lithuania and in other European markets. While the NEIS is a crucial guide for the energy policy, it should be implemented in well-defined steps, prioritising actions with clear benefits and low risks.Electricity generation has nearly doubled in the last two years, driven by supportive policy for renewables…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Financing Energy Efficiency
…total spending is expected to reach USD 3.4 trillion in 2026, a 5% increase from 2025. Clean energy investment is projected to remain around USD 2.2 trillion, representing nearly two‑thirds of total energy spending and continuing to outpace fossil fuels. Investment in electricity systems such as grids, storage, and electrification, is increasingly driven by energy security concerns and rising electricity demand. Energy efficiency also remains essential to strengthening system resilience, reducing costs for consumers and businesses, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Accelerating the uptake of efficient technologies across buildings, industry, and transport is therefore critical to maximising the benefits of the global…
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Global Methane Tracker 2025 Key findings
…one-third of methane emissions from human activity today. Record production of oil, gas and coal, combined with limited mitigation efforts, has kept emissions above 120 million tonnes (Mt) annually. Abandoned wells and mines – included in this year’s Global Methane Tracker for the first time – contributed around 8 Mt to these emissions in 2024. Bioenergy production and consumption results in a further 20 Mt of methane, largely from the incomplete combustion of traditional biomass used in cooking and heating in developing economies.The agriculture and waste sectors are also major sources of methane emissions, but fossil fuel supply offers the greatest…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Cement and concrete
…in global production, while direct CO2 emissions intensity remains unchanged.Both need to fall in the coming years to get on track for net zero by 2050, with contributions from improved material efficiency, greater use of alternative fuels and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and CCS. Cost Production costs for early commercial plants for near-zero emissions cement using CCS are estimated to be 75-150% higher than today’s conventional plants, varying by region.This cost premium will need to be addressed to meet the pace of the IEA Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE Scenario). Complementary measures such…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Fertilisers
…related GHG emissions occur during fertiliser use; the rest occur during production. In total, fertilisers emit around 1.23 Gt CO2 equivalent per year globally.The emissions intensity of ammonia has fallen by 1.1% annually over the last 10 years, driven primarily by improvements in energy efficiency. Cost Excluding policies such as CO2 pricing, ammonia production today is estimated to cost on average 30% more using carbon capture and storage (CCS) and three times more using electrolysis when compared to conventional routes. Scale and narrowing price differentials with fossil fuels can help to reduce this gap.Globally, low-emissions ammonia production…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Climate pledges
…round of NDCs does not imply stronger annual emissions reductions than the previous 2030 NDCs The past year marked a key milestone in the Paris Agreement’s ratcheting mechanism, under which countries update their climate pledges every five years. As of 27 March 2026, more than 130 countries had submitted new NDCs out of the 194 parties to the Paris Agreement that had previously submitted NDCs under the UNFCCC framework, with the vast majority setting new targets for 2035. In total, these submissions cover close to 75% of today’s energy-related greenhouse gas emissions.Some regions have not yet submitted…
