-
Trucks and Buses
Electrification of road transport goes beyond cars and the ambition is growing
Globally, almost 50 000 electric buses were sold in 2023, equating to 3% of total bus sales and bringing the global stock to approximately 635 000 in total. Several European countries (such as Belgium, Norway and Switzerland) and China achieved sales shares above 50% in 2023, and more than one-fifth of bus sales were electric in Canada, Chile, Finland, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and Sweden.
Sales of electric trucks increased 35% in 2023 compared to 2022, meaning that total sales of electric trucks surpassed electric buses for…
-
Energy security
…Key analysis Energy efficiency policies in different sectors have been effective in reducing fossil fuel imports. In the European Union, the strongest reduction was in gas imports, driven by strong energy efficiency improvements in the industrial sector. Meanwhile, in Japan the strongest reductions were in oil imports, due to some of the most stringent fuel economy standards both for passenger and commercial vehicles. A closer look at electricity security Energy efficiency and demand response policies can also contribute to electricity security by reducing the risk of outages resulting from peak demand.Different programmes have demonstrated success in reducing peak electricity…
-
Global Energy Review 2026 Technology: Electric vehicles
…China, with electric cars capturing more than half of all annual car sales for the first time in 2025. Sales of electric heavy-freight trucks also tripled in 2025, reaching more than 200 000 units. Almost all the growth in China’s electric car sales came from pure battery electric vehicles, with plug-in hybrids seeing a smaller increase (4%). In the European Union, electric car sales increased by 30% in 2025. The biggest EU car market – Germany – saw significant growth in electric car sales, as did Spain and Italy, following a reintroduction of purchase subsidies in those two countries. Other…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
-
+ 9 pages
-
Global EV Outlook 2026 Executive summary
…car market for years to come. The oil crisis of the 1970s prompted the introduction of fuel efficiency standards, which resulted in close to a doubling of the fuel economy of conventional cars between 1975 and today, while during the Covid-19 pandemic, many countries introduced EV subsidies to boost uptake and support a broader economic recovery. In 2025, the global fleet of EVs avoided the consumption of around 1.7 million barrels of oil per day (mb/d), primarily in countries that have implemented fuel economy and CO2 standards, such as China and the European Union. Some countries in Southeast Asia…
-
Luxembourg 2026 Executive summary
…dependent economy. Moreover, the combination of its central location in Europe and historically low fuel taxes mean there are sizeable fuel sales to customers from abroad, resulting in high transport-related emissions. Heavy reliance on energy imports – covering all fossil fuels and nearly 80% of electricity demand – increases the vulnerability of the energy system. Addressing these challenges will require long-term, system-wide planning to guide investment across electricity, heating, hydrogen and digitalisation, alongside stronger communication and public engagement to boost uptake in clean energy choices. At the same time, Luxembourg’s small size and close integration with (neighbouring) European…
-
Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Executive summary
…water heating. Currently, these needs are met chiefly by imported natural gas and domestic biomass – two fuel sources that suffer from availability and sustainability issues. Heat pump technology offers Moldova an effective means of accelerating the transition in building heating. This roadmap discusses the status of Moldova’s heating sector, the potential for heat pump deployment, and key policy recommendations for creating and maintaining a stable heat pump sector. Strengthening energy security while improving efficiency, curbing natural gas use and working toward European Union accession Heat pumps offer multiple benefits. By implementing the policy recommendations outlined in this roadmap, Moldova…
-
Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Sustainable transport in Armenia
…and in March 2021, Armenia and the European Union signed a Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA), which established framework for political, economic and trade co-operation. Introduction to the Armenian energy and transport systems In 2023, Armenia’s total energy demand was 120 petajoules (PJ), with transport accounting for roughly one-third, or 37 PJ. Overall energy demand has risen by around 30% since 2015, though transport’s share of the total has held steady over this period. Rising demand for transport has driven higher fuel consumption. Energy demand in the transport sector Energy demand growth in Armenia’s…
-
Global Energy and Climate Model Macro drivers
…In this variant, global population growth slows over the coming decades, but the total population nonetheless rises from 8.1 billion in 2024 to 9.6 billion in 2050. Population growth in the medium variant is not linear, and the rate of growth slows over time.Demographic trends differ by country and region. Ageing populations and slowing fertility rates mean the size of the population in 2050 is expected to be smaller than today in the European Union, Russia, Japan and China. In contrast, the United Nations projects a billion more people in Africa by 2050, accounting for three-fifths of the…
-
World Energy Employment 2024 Executive summary
…ahead into clean energy are seeing significant employment growth from these sectors, with clean energy job growth representing over 10% of economy-wide job growth in China and 4-6% in advanced economies such as the United States, the European Union and Japan in 2023. However, in many emerging and developing economies other than China, clean energy’s share of new jobs is below 2%. Employment in oil and gas increased in 2023, but coal jobs are in structural decline Overall fossil fuel employment grew by 3% in 2023, but firms took varied approaches in balancing near-term labour demand…
-
The State of Energy Innovation 2026 Executive summary
…decades into the future. Lower project costs and new designs have brought investment to floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG), which is expected to deliver more than one-eighth of global LNG capacity by 2030, from zero just 10 years ago. Initial FLNG design and testing was funded by European governments in the late 1990s, and the European Union and Japanese government shared funding risks with the private sector on the first major project. Similarly, lithium-ion battery research was initially publicly funded in the 1970s, and the first patent was funded by the UK Government in 1981, before policy support fostered…
