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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Executive summary
…still at low levels of market penetration, such as sustainable aviation fuels and other hydrogen-based fuels, would require stronger policy support.The market outlook for low- and near-zero emissions materials is very uncertain as production cost premiums remain high. Technologies like cement kilns fitted with carbon capture, and steel furnaces using electrolytic hydrogen, are expected to cost significantly more than their conventional counterparts over the next decade in most regions. The outlook for near-zero emissions materials is therefore highly dependent on policy support: the market value for near-zero emissions steel, cement, aluminium and ammonia reaches U.…
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Climate pledges
…commitments made in April 2021 and December 2024, and this is reflected in the methodology and aggregate figures in this report. Countries accounting for around 85% and 45% of regional emissions in North Africa and the Middle East, respectively, also remain poorly covered by new NDCs. The annual pace of mitigation in the new NDCs is, in aggregate, not significantly higher than in the revised 2030 NDCs submitted around COP26 in Glasgow. The IEA estimates that the new round of NDCs implies global energy-related CO₂ emissions continuing to increase by an average of 0.4% per year from 2024 to 2035…
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World Energy Investment 2025 United States
…exporter in 2019, a remarkable turnaround from its high previous reliance on imports, the country has continued to expand its global energy role. In 2024 it was the world’s largest producer of oil and gas (20% of global output), as well as a major investor (25% of total investment). This growth has been buoyed by rising investment in LNG export projects, mainly targeting Asian and European buyers. Between 2015 and 2024 the share of annual energy investment going to fossil fuel supply and fossil fuel-based electricity generation declined from 60% to just under 40%. Meanwhile, investment in clean…
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World Energy Investment 2026 Regional dashboards
Despite the destabilising effect of the Middle East conflict, capital flows to the energy sector are expected to grow to USD 3.4 trillion in 2026, a 5% rise from 2025, mainly from China, the US, and the EU. Clean energy investment grows to USD 2.2 trillion, almost double that of fossil fuels. Investment in clean energy increases year-on-year by 7% in advanced economies and in China, while 4% in other emerging markets, reflecting regional differences with a shared focus on energy security.
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Electricity 2026 Supply
…from 42% in 2025. Strong growth in renewables and a steady rise in both nuclear and gas output in many regions will displace global coal-fired generation in our forecast. Coal use in the power sector is expected to shift to a declining trajectory, with its share of the electricity mix falling to 27% by 2030, from 34% in 2025. Growth in renewables, natural gas and nuclear set to meet additional demand Low‑emissions sources maintained strong growth momentum in 2025, with renewables rising by 9%. This was slightly lower than the 9.6% increase in 2024, as weather conditions dampened…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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+ 4 pages
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Global Energy Review 2025 CO2 Emissions
…5.5% amid record global air passenger demand. The modest overall rise in emissions from oil use is largely due to the fact that petrochemical feedstocks accounted for 70% of the total volumetric increase in oil use. Carbon emissions trends varied widely across regions Emissions trends between regions diverged in 2024. CO2 emissions grew in emerging market and developing economies and international aviation and marine bunkers, outweighing reductions from advanced economies led by the European Union, Japan and the United States.In emerging market and developing economies, energy-related CO2 emissions increased by 1.5% (375 Mt CO2) in 2024…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 3 pages
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Global Energy and Climate Model Current Policies Scenario (CPS)
The 2025 edition of the World Energy Outlook (WEO) reintroduces the Current Policies Scenario (CPS). It was a regular feature of the International Energy Agency suite of scenarios until the WEO-2020, when it was discontinued amid turmoil in energy markets and rapid changes in the policy landscape during the Covid-19 pandemic. Now that the world has passed through the pandemic and the global energy crisis triggered at the outset of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, there is merit in revisiting the CPS. The scenario relies only on measures that are formally written into existing legislation and regulation, and…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2026 Executive summary
…to support delivery across sectors of the global economy.In addition to emissions reductions, many governments are considering energy transitions for reasons of energy security, affordability and job creation. Against this backdrop, there is growing interest in how practical international collaboration can help advance these objectives. The Global Climate Action Agenda reflects this shift, placing greater emphasis on mobilising co-operation, aligning efforts and supporting action across key areas of the global climate and energy system through an approach that enables countries to collaborate without requiring universal consensus. The period leading up to the next Global Stocktake concluding in 2028 –…
- Executive summary
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
- Steel
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+ 3 pages
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Global Energy Review 2026 CO2 emissions
…but regional trends varied markedly Global growth in energy-related CO2 emissions slowed in 2025, rising by around 0.4%, the slowest rate since 2021. Despite this slowdown, total energy-related CO2 emissions increased by around 145 million tonnes (Mt) in 2025, reaching a new high of nearly 38.4 billion tonnes (Gt), and 5% above 2019 levels. The increase coincided with record atmospheric CO2 concentrations of about 427 parts-per-million (ppm), roughly 2.4 ppm higher than in 2024 and around 50% above pre-industrial levels.Emissions from fuel combustion grew by close to 0.5% (around 185…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Energy efficiency and fuel switching regulations
…more efficient around the world since 2000. Global energy intensity has improved by around 30% over the past 25 years, meaning the world uses about 30% less energy per unit of economic output today than it did in 2000, with differentiated trends by key end uses: passenger cars and air conditioners have notably seen efficiency improvements for new sales of 30% and 45%, respectively since 2005. However, the pace of improvement has slowed over the past 15 years, from an annual rate of about 2.2% in the early 2010s to about 1% in 2024, alongside a general slowdown in industrial…