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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Demand
Global coal demand grew by 1.5% in 2024 to reach an all-time high In 2024, global coal demand increased by 1.5% compared with 2023, reaching a new all-time high of 8.79 Bt. This represents a continuation of the upward trend in coal consumption, albeit at a slower pace than growth rates of 4.4% in 2022 and 2.3% in 2023.The increase in 2024 was primarily driven by emerging economies in Asia, particularly China and India. China recorded the largest absolute growth, with demand rising by 82 Mt (1.7%) while India’s consumption…
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Global Energy Review 2026 CO2 emissions
Energy sector emissions continued to rise in 2025, but regional trends varied markedly Global growth in energy-related CO2 emissions slowed in 2025, rising by around 0.4%, the slowest rate since 2021. Despite this slowdown, total energy-related CO2 emissions increased by around 145 million tonnes (Mt) in 2025, reaching a new high of nearly 38.4 billion tonnes (Gt), and 5% above 2019 levels. The increase coincided with record atmospheric CO2 concentrations of about 427 parts-per-million (ppm), roughly 2.4 ppm higher than in 2024 and around 50% above pre-industrial levels.Emissions from fuel combustion…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Overview
Global coal demand grew by 1.5% in 2024, reaching an all-time high Global coal demand rose by 1.5% in 2024 to reach 8.79 billion tonnes (Bt), a new record. The growth was the slowest annual rate since the Covid-19 crisis in 2020 caused coal demand to decline. The post-Covid economic recovery and high natural gas prices have driven a sharp rise in global coal demand in recent years, but the growth has slowed year-on-year since 2021. Coal demand grew by 7.7% in 2021, 4.4% in 2022 and 2.3% in…
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Outlook for electric mobility
Overview In this part of the report, we focus on the outlook for electric mobility in road transport over the period to 2030. A scenario-based approach is used to explore the prospects for electric mobility, based on recent market trends, policy drivers and technology developments. The purpose of scenario projections is to assess a plausible future for global electric vehicle (EV) markets and the potential implications. The scenario projections are not intended as predictions about the future. Rather, they aim to provide insights to inform decision-making by governments, companies and other stakeholders about the future of EVs. In…
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World Energy Investment 2025 Executive summary
Despite elevated geopolitical tensions and economic uncertainty, this tenth edition of the IEA’s World Energy Investment shows that capital flows to the energy sector are set to rise in 2025 to USD 3.3 trillion, a 2% rise in real terms on 2024. Around USD 2.2 trillion is going collectively to renewables, nuclear, grids, storage, low-emissions fuels, efficiency and electrification, twice as much as the USD 1.1 trillion going to oil, natural gas and coal. Open questions about the economic and trade outlook means that some investors are adopting a wait-and-see approach to new project approvals, but we have yet…
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Ensuring a Strong Labour Dimension for Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions
Workers play a critical role in the global energy system, providing key services across many areas of the energy sector. To give a greater voice to the labour perspective in energy and climate policy discussions, the IEA Executive Director convened the Clean Energy Labour Council in 2022. The Labour Council is made up of representatives of the world’s most important national trade unions and trade union confederations, as well as prominent thinkers on the topic, to foster engagement between the IEA, energy policy makers, and the labour movement.One of the main topics for the IEA Clean Energy Labour…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Understanding GEC Model scenarios
Overview The IEA’s medium- to long-term outlook publications – including the World Energy Outlook (WEO) and Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) – use a scenario approach relying on the Global Energy and Climate (GEC) Model to examine future energy trends.Each scenario has the same starting point and is based on the latest data for energy supply and demand, markets, technology costs and policies, as well as the same pathways for future population and economic growth.The energy system described and explored in each scenario evolves in a distinctive pathway that delivers energy services with a different mix of technologies and…
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Gaining an Edge Energy demand and competitiveness
Energy is at the centre of competitiveness amid high costs, growing demand, and rising trade pressures Energy is a vital input into all productive sectors of the economy. In an environment of fierce global competition and shifting trade patterns, energy costs are a major determinant of long-term investment, jobs and business competitiveness. Finding ways to reduce energy costs while producing more or better products is good for both profitability and overall economic growth. While energy prices are volatile in many countries, recent high prices combined with instability and fragmentation in energy markets have widened energy price gaps between regions…
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Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency for Business Health and well-being
Energy efficiency can improve working conditions, increase employee productivity and reduce sick leave Energy efficiency improvements can enhance working environments and worker health. By reducing waste heat, air pollutants and other process inefficiencies, they lower health and safety risks while improving comfort and working conditions.In manufacturing, these effects can be direct. For example, in electronics manufacturing, conventional soldering requires thermal pre-heating cycles that exposes workers to high ambient heat as well as safety risks. Replacing this with induction heating enables localised heating of the material, reducing energy demand by around 70% while eliminating heat stress and safety hazards…
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Delivering Sustainable Fuels Executive summary
Sustainable liquid and gaseous fuels offer multiple benefits Sustainable fuels – including liquid biofuels, biogases, low-emissions hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels – offer multiple benefits for the energy sector. They complement electrification and energy efficiency in energy transitions, and they are particularly important for sectors that continue to be reliant on fuel-based solutions such as aviation, shipping, and parts of road transport and industry. Sustainable fuels can also enhance energy security, stimulate economic development and strengthen environmental sustainability.Greater use of sustainable fuels can bolster energy security by diversifying fuel supply and reducing fossil-fuel import dependence. Sustainable fuels can…
