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The Middle East and Global Energy Markets
…that began on 28 February has impeded energy trade flows through the Strait, creating the largest supply disruption in the history of the global oil market. Global gas markets have also been affected, with about 20% of the world's supply of liquefied natural gas (LNG) having moved through the Strait in 2025.On 11 March, IEA Member countries unanimously agreed to carry out the Agency’s largest-ever release of emergency oil stocks to help address the market disruptions. Read the latest update on the stock release here. Current market backdrop Oil and natural gas prices have experienced significant volatility…
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Global EV Outlook 2025
Global EV Outlook 2025 data The Global EV Outlook is an annual publication that identifies and discusses recent developments in electric mobility across the globe. It is developed with the support of the members of the Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI).
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Laura Cozzi
Director, Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks. Laura Cozzi was appointed the International Energy Agency’s Director of Sustainability, Technology and Outlooks in 2023. She leads and co-ordinates the IEA’s work on energy sustainability, encompassing energy technology policy and climate change. She is also the Agency’s Chief Energy Modeller, and in this capacity co-leads the World Energy Outlook, the IEA’s flagship publication series.Ms Cozzi joined the IEA in 1999 as a junior analyst in the World Energy Outlook team. She has co-led many editions of the Outlook and led multiple special reports. Prior to joining the IEA, Ms Cozzi worked for the Italian energy company ENI S.p.A. She holds a Master’s degree in Environmental Engineering from the Polytechnic University of Milan and a Master’s degree in Energy and Environmental Economics from Eni Corporate University.Ms Cozzi was awarded an Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Cavaliere dell’ordine al merito della repubblica italiana) i...
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Brian Motherway
Head of Energy Efficiency and Inclusive Transitions Office. Brian Motherway is Head of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Inclusive Transitions at the IEA. He leads the Agency’s analytical and outreach programmes on energy efficiency worldwide, including a global programme of capacity building and engagement. He also oversees the Agency’s work on people-centred transitions, focusing on the social dimensions of energy policies, such as skills, social inclusion and energy affordability. Before joining the IEA, Brian was Chief Executive of the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland. He holds degrees in sociology and in engineering.
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What Next for the Global Car Industry Global car industry manufacturing clusters
Regions with strong car industries tend to operate as clusters in which supplier factories are located alongside those of parts manufacturers and material producers. This is because close co-ordination between automakers and a wide network of specialised suppliers is essential to keep costs low. Such production ecosystems also facilitate the rapid exchange of complex, often tacit, knowledge, especially during vehicle development phases where design, engineering and manufacturing decisions must be tightly aligned. This interactive map shows global data on car assembly location, as well as more detailed regional automotive clusters.
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Broader view on energy-related strategic minerals: What risks to anticipate?
Many energy-related minerals are used across multiple sectors, including digital technologies, aerospace and high-performance materials While critical minerals are often associated with electrification, renewables and battery storage, their significance extends well beyond energy, underpinning a broad array of industrial and technological applications. From AI and robotics to high-performance materials and aerospace, these minerals’ contribution to industrial and technological development is increasing, with broad economic implications. The range of strategic materials with significant implications for the energy sector should not be underestimated. Superalloys – which require a diverse array of input metals – illustrate this: approximately two-thirds of global…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Prices
…and Newcastle FOB price benchmarks began to decline from late 2022, reflecting a broader rebalancing of market fundamentals.In 2023 and 2024, thermal coal prices peaked at European ports, reaching approximately USD 152 per tonne. Australian ports followed with peak prices around USD 121 per tonne. The average price for mid-calorific value coal delivered to South China, with a calorific value of 5 500 kcal per kilogram, stood at USD 109 per tonne. Since 2022, China's production has outpaced domestic demand, leading to rising stockpiles and putting additional downward pressure on prices.By February 2025, prices for high-calorific value th...
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Executive summary
The conflict in the Middle East has disrupted global production and trade of hydrogen-based products The Middle East is a major producer of hydrogen-based products, and the conflict has strongly impacted their production. The Middle East is home to around one-sixth of global hydrogen production, the majority dedicated to the production of chemicals, fertilisers and refined oil products. The region accounts for more than 10% of global refining capacity, ammonia and urea production, and close to 17% of methanol production. Several refineries and petrochemical plants have halted operations due to supply disruptions and the impossibility of exporting…
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ETP Clean Energy Technology Guide
Interactive database of 640 individual technology designs and components across the whole energy system that contribute to achieving the goal of net-zero emissions
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Understanding methane emissions
…era. Atmospheric measurements show that methane concentrations, alongside CO2, continue to increase year‑on‑year.The latest Global Methane Budget (2025) estimates that annual global methane emissions reached around 610 million tonnes (Mt) in 2020, with human activity accounting for almost two-thirds of the total and natural sources making up the rest. The energy sector accounts for around 40% of methane emissions from human activity International Energy Agency (IEA) analysis suggests the energy sector emitted nearly 150 Mt of methane in 2025. Coal production was responsible for 39 Mt, while inactive mines accounted for around 4 Mt and end-use equipment about 1 Mt…
