-
Sheltering From Oil Shocks Summary
…on 11 March by making 400 million barrels of oil from their emergency reserves available to the market, the largest stock release in IEA history. But the demand side is also a crucial part of the energy security equation.In this report, the IEA details 10 demand-side options open to households, businesses and governments to shelter themselves from today’s oil shock and relieve the strains on affordability. These are based on the IEA’s longstanding expertise on energy security and on specific country examples. Governments can take the lead, both by setting an example and by facilitating these actions…
-
Global Methane Tracker 2026 Strategies to speed action
…surface mines or oil and gas operations. Monitoring equipment is already widely used in ventilation shafts for safety, making data easier to collect. That, in turn, can support mine-level plans to use or abate the gas.Most of the coal industry has yet to commit to tracking or reducing its methane emissions. Some companies take part in initiatives like the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Group of Experts on Coal Mine Methane and Just Transition, or the Global Methane Initiative. Others address methane within broader climate or sustainability strategies. For example, the Australian group BHP has pledged…
-
Zambia
Coal production is set to increase in Zambia, but exports remain limited to trade with neighbouring countries. The country has recently made good progress regarding electrification rates through a large push for mini-grid and off-grid solutions in rural areas.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
-
+ 5 pages
![Zambia Flag]()
-
Sustainable Transport for Georgia: A Roadmap Transport in Georgia: Taking stock
…53%, while the population is steadily aging due to lower fertility rates and emigration. Younger Georgians are increasingly moving to cities, concentrating economic activity in urban areas.Economic gains have been broadly shared: average real incomes rose by nearly 50% from 2009 to 2019, and combined declared income plus social assistance for vulnerable groups increased by 86%. Real energy tariffs decreased – household electricity by 14.4% and natural gas by 20% – while access expanded. These improvements, together with a competitive business environment, a strategic location and strong institutional reforms, have positioned Georgia to capitalise on its economic, energy and transpo...
-
Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Beyond NMC batteries: Supply chain issues for emerging battery technologies
The LFP battery supply chains are significantly more concentrated than those for nickel-based batteries Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries now supply almost half the global electric car market up from less than 10% in 2020, at the expense of the previously dominant nickel-based NMC lithium-ion batteries, due to improved performance and lower costs. This remarkable battery chemistry shift is leading to new battery critical mineral supply chains coming into focus beyond nickel and cobalt. Simultaneously, there is also the emergence of manganese-rich lithium-ion cathodes, sodium-ion batteries, as well as the anticipated impact of solid…
-
Sheltering From Oil Shocks Targeted consumer support to enhance energy affordability
…2022 energy crisis, demonstrated that impacts often fall disproportionately on the poorer segments of the population. On top of this general effect, consumers and small businesses in remote and Island territories are often very exposed to increases in oil prices. Even in normal times, electricity generation on islands can cost 10 times more than on mainland territories where they are often dependent on diesel generators. As a response to this issue, Barbados, for example, has locked in the price of heavy fuel oil which powers electricity generation, at USD 92 per barrel for the three months, starting from April 2026…
-
Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Policy response to the crisis
…gas market, protecting ease of market access, barrier-free trading and gas-on-gas competition through diversification of supply sources. However, while many of these policies at the EU and member state level have contributed to solutions to pressing concerns that emerged throughout the crisis, security of supply remains a key concern for Europe, and there remain opportunities to adjust or enhance some interventions.REPowerEUIn March 2022, a month after Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, EU leaders agreed in the European Council to phase out Europe’s dependency on Russian energy imports as soon as possible. The RE...
-
Energy System Resilience Executive summary
…on Ukraine's energy infrastructure – often compounded by severe winter conditions – represent a profound challenge. Since the onset of the full-scale invasion in 2022, Russia has exploited its detailed knowledge of Ukraine's energy system – inherited from the Soviet era – to strategically target critical nodes such as electrical substations. The resulting failure in these nodes disrupts connections to key generators and requires costly, time-intensive repairs. The measures Ukraine has taken to enhance energy system resilience under these extreme conditions – in many cases improvised, rather than the result of long-term planning – can provide broader lessons.Since January 2026…
-
Energy Sankey
Visualize the full energy system for over 150 countries and regions How to read the Sankey diagram Sankey diagrams are a visual representation of the information available in an energy balance. They allow to “follow the flow” of each energy commodities from supply on the left part to the final consumption and exit from the national supply on the right.The first nodes you can find on the left side represent the domestic production of primary energy commodities...
-
Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Trade
Global coal trade reached an all-time high in 2024 Global coal trade reached a new all-time high in 2024, with total volumes estimated to be 1.55 Bt, surpassing the 1.5 Bt mark for the first time. Thermal coal trade rose by 28 Mt to reach 1 180 Mt. This growth was primarily driven by strong import demand in Asia, especially from China. The country experienced growth in imports, with coal imports reaching new highs. Imports increased by 14% up to 548 Mt, resulting in total annual imports surpassing 500 Mt for the first time. This volume is more than…
