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Armenia
Imports of oil and gas cover 77% of Armenia’s energy needs. Current energy policy is focused on developing indigenous energy sources, mainly renewable, and on replacing the country’s main nuclear reactor. Energy Efficiency policy has also become a bigger priority as energy security and reliability remain key focus areas. Armenia is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Global Energy and Climate Model Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)
The 2025 edition of the World Energy Outlook (WEO) does not include the Announced Pledges Scenario. Our assessment of the new round of NDCs due this year, generally the period to 2035, will follow once there is a more complete picture of these pledges.The Announced Pledges Scenario (APS), introduced in 2021, illustrates the extent to which announced ambitions and targets can deliver the emissions reductions needed to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. In the WEO-2024, the APS includes all recent major national announcements as of the end of August 2024, both 2030 targets and longer-term net zero…
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap Taking stock of the effect of war
Highlights The assets of many hydrogen users have been destroyed since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, causing demand to plunge by 80%. Ukraine’s only operational refinery was severely damaged in 2022. Steel output has dropped by nearly two-thirds due to damage, occupation, logistical costs and electricity scarcity. Nevertheless, there is potential for future hydrogen demand in export-oriented sectors; prior to Russia’s invasion, 40% of Ukraine’s fertiliser output, 46% of its agricultural output and 67% of steel were exported.Power generation capacity has plummeted since Russia’s invasion. Nearly 80% of…
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Portugal 2026 Policy recommendations for Portugal
Energy policy landscape 1. Adopt a national roadmap based on bottom-up sectoral agreements to support timely and cost effective emissions reductionsPortugal has established a clear long-term direction for its energy transition through the Roadmap for Carbon Neutrality 2050, the Basic Climate Law, and the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) 2030. The NECP commits to reducing GHG emissions by 55% by 2030 (vs. 2005 levels) and achieving climate neutrality by 2045. Strong progress has been made, with emissions down 43% in 2024, driven mainly by decarbonisation of electricity supply. Portugal is now entering a mid-transition, in which further…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Demand
Global coal demand grew by 1.5% in 2024 to reach an all-time high In 2024, global coal demand increased by 1.5% compared with 2023, reaching a new all-time high of 8.79 Bt. This represents a continuation of the upward trend in coal consumption, albeit at a slower pace than growth rates of 4.4% in 2022 and 2.3% in 2023.The increase in 2024 was primarily driven by emerging economies in Asia, particularly China and India. China recorded the largest absolute growth, with demand rising by 82 Mt (1.7%) while India’s consumption…
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Climate pledges
The new round of NDCs does not imply stronger annual emissions reductions than the previous 2030 NDCs The past year marked a key milestone in the Paris Agreement’s ratcheting mechanism, under which countries update their climate pledges every five years. As of 27 March 2026, more than 130 countries had submitted new NDCs out of the 194 parties to the Paris Agreement that had previously submitted NDCs under the UNFCCC framework, with the vast majority setting new targets for 2035. In total, these submissions cover close to 75% of today’s energy-related greenhouse gas emissions.Some regions have not…
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Uruguay
In 2010 the Ministry of Energy, Mining and Industry of Uruguay approved Decree 354 on the Promotion of Renewable Energies meant to increase dramatically the share of electricity generation from renewable sources in the country.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Ensuring a Strong Labour Dimension for Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions
Workers play a critical role in the global energy system, providing key services across many areas of the energy sector. To give a greater voice to the labour perspective in energy and climate policy discussions, the IEA Executive Director convened the Clean Energy Labour Council in 2022. The Labour Council is made up of representatives of the world’s most important national trade unions and trade union confederations, as well as prominent thinkers on the topic, to foster engagement between the IEA, energy policy makers, and the labour movement.One of the main topics for the IEA Clean Energy Labour…
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Executive summary
Southeast Asia is a very dynamic region that is set to be a major driver of global energy demand growth, but the Middle East conflict has provided a stark wake-up call for the region’s energy system. Southeast Asia accounts for 9% of the world’s population and 4% of its GDP, but nearly 20% of global energy demand growth to 2035 under today’s policy settings. The disruption in global fuel markets has exposed deep structural vulnerabilities linked to import dependence, limited diversification and concentrated supply routes. Before the crisis, around 60% of Southeast Asia’s imports of…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Clean Efficient Cooking
Clean Efficient Cooking
