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Fossil Fuel Subsidies
…coal, these are based on the import parity price: the price of a product at the nearest international hub, adjusted for quality differences, if necessary, plus the cost of freight and insurance to the net importer, plus the cost of internal distribution and marketing and any value-added tax (VAT). VAT was added to the reference price where the tax is levied on final energy sales, as a proxy for the tax on economic activities levied across an economy. Other taxes, including excise duties, are not included in the reference price.For net exporters of oil, natural gas and coal…
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France
…fleet, the second-largest after the United States. As an early leader in setting out an ambitious energy transition, France legislated a net zero emissions target for 2050 in its 2019 Energy and Climate Act and aims at reducing by 55% its greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. A national low-carbon strategy with 5-year carbon budgets and a multiannual plan for energy investments implement the long-term target.
Acknowledging the need to maintain electricity security in the longer term and a low-carbon footprint France invests in efficiency, six new nuclear power plants and renewable energy, notably offshore wind…- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is a significant producer of coal, crude oil and natural gas, and a major energy exporter. While coal dominates the country’s energy mix, renewable sources of energy are a small but growing share of Kazakhstan’s electricity generation. Gas pipeline network expansion remains a priority, in order to expand access and reduce reliance on coal and LPG for household consumption. Kazakhstan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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An Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Colombia Executive summary
…is exposed to fuel price volatility. Exporting primary materials and importing higher-value goods such as refined products or cars places Colombia as a net importer in monetary terms. …and fossil fuels lead Colombia’s energy mix Over 75% of Colombia’s total energy demand was met by fossil fuels in 2024, of which oil comprised more than 40%, followed by natural gas and coal. Oil is the main fuel used to meet transport demand at 90%, while coal plays a core role in meeting industry’s needs at 40%; electricity feeds 40% of energy demand from buildings. Overall…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Road transport
…7%.Since 2015, emissions in emerging economies (excluding China) have risen sharply, at over 18%, compared to 2.5% in the rest of the world. Cost Closing the purchase price gap between electric and conventional cars is essential for mass adoption. Declining battery costs and growing market competition are driving improvements in affordability.Electric car affordability improved across all major markets between 2021 and 2024. In China, around two-thirds of electric cars were cheaper than their conventional counterparts in 2024. Deployment Electric car sales surpassed 17 million in 2024, growing nearly 30% year-on-year. They accounted for 22…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Biogas and biomethane outlook to 2050
…in the Outlook scenarios. Electricity's share in total final consumption increases from 20% in 2023 to over 30% by 2050 in the STEPs and around 40% in the APS. Nevertheless, liquid and gaseous fuels still meet 50% of total final energy consumption in the STEPS and 40% in the APS, creating opportunities for the use of low-emissions fuels in sectors unable to electrify. The share of biogases in total gaseous fuel demand grows from 1% in 2023 to around 5% by 2050 in the STEPS and 10% in the APS. In the power sector, capacity of biogas plants…
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Gas Market Report, Q3-2025 Executive summary
…import markets and weighed on natural gas demand in Asia. Meanwhile, geopolitical tensions continued to fuel price volatility. The conflict between Israel and Iran was a stark reminder that geopolitical factors can easily strain a fragile global gas balance. The IEA continues to closely monitor developments in the Middle East.Following an expected slowdown in 2025, natural gas demand growth is forecast to accelerate in 2026, sending total demand to a new all-time high. A strong increase in LNG supply is set to ease market fundamentals and foster more robust demand growth in Asia’s price-sensitive markets. …
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COP28 Tripling Renewable Capacity Pledge 2025: Update Key Findings
New Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) show limited reflection of the pledge to triple global renewable capacity by 2030 agreed at COP28 Between COP28 and the end of COP30, only about two-thirds of NDCs have been updated (128) and fewer than half of these (53) explicitly reference the global tripling goal. Even fewer (32) contain quantifiable renewable capacity ambitions for 2030. NDCs continue to under-represent current government ambitions for installed renewable capacity by 2030 The NDC 3.0 round does not fully capture countries’ 2030 renewable capacity ambitions in all submitted NDCs. Including 2030 ambitions from previous NDC cycles, total…
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Renewables in District Energy Regional trends in district heating
Regional trends in district heating
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Executive summary
…around 20% as stronger sales in some countries compensated for lower sales in others. In the United States, electric car sales grew by about 10% year-on-year, reaching more than 1 in 10 cars sold. Emerging markets in Asia and Latin America are becoming new centres of growth, with electric car sales jumping by over 60% in 2024 to almost 600 000 – about the size of the European market 5 years earlier. In Southeast Asia, electric car sales grew by nearly 50% to represent 9% of all car sales in the region, with notably higher sales shares in Thailand and Viet Nam…
