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Finland
Finland has one of the most ambitious climate targets, a legal obligation to reach carbon neutrality by 2035. It is making progress towards this target and has one of the lowest levels of reliance on fossil fuels among IEA member countries. Finland’s forests, which historically offset significant greenhouse gas emissions, have become a net emissions source. A continued push towards the energy transition is needed, as imported fossil fuels still account for over one-third of energy supply and cover higher shares in transport and key industries.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Global Energy Review 2026 Electricity demand
Electricity demand grew more than twice as fast as overall energy demand Global electricity demand grew year-on-year by around 3% in 2025, easing from 4.4% in 2024, when intense heat waves boosted electricity consumption. Nevertheless, the 2025 growth rate remained above the 2.8% annual average observed between 2014 and 2024 and was also well over twice the rate of overall global energy demand growth in 2025 (1.3%). Demand growth was well above long-term average rates in advanced economies, but slowed in Asian economies In 2025, emerging market and developing economies accounted for 80% of…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Sustainable Transport for Georgia: A Roadmap Executive summary
… strengthening regional freight links; and developing low-emission fuels.Road transport has become cleaner and more efficient, but progress needs to accelerate. Car ownership and freight activity have risen along with incomes, but this comes at a cost: Nearly all of Georgia’s transport fuel is imported, exposing the country to price and security risks. Air quality ranks 62nd of 134 countries, with pollution causing about 130 premature deaths per 100 000 people – almost triple the global average. Road fatalities totalled 442 in 2022, more than twice the rate in the European Union, while 230 deaths each year can be linked…
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Northwest European Hydrogen Monitor 2025 Executive summary
…biomass, or fossil fuels with carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS). A detailed overview of the terminology is provided in Annex I. The regulatory and policy framework for low-emissions hydrogen has continued to evolve Setting hydrogen strategies, including the establishment of medium- and long-term targets, is considered essential to provide the necessary impetus and guidance for the development of hydrogen markets.To date, the majority of the countries in Northwest Europe have adopted production targets for electrolytic hydrogen, while Norway has opted for a technology-neutral approach. In April 2025, France published a revised National Hydrogen Strategy. While…
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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Executive summary
… strengthening regional freight links; and developing low-emissions fuels.Road transport has become cleaner and more efficient, but progress needs to accelerate. Car ownership and freight activity have risen along with incomes, but this comes at a cost: Nearly all of Georgia’s transport fuel is imported, exposing the country to price and security risks. Air quality ranks 62nd of 134 countries, with pollution causing about 130 premature deaths per 100 000 people – almost triple the global average. Road fatalities totalled 442 in 2022, more than twice the rate in the European Union, while 230 deaths each year can be linked…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Manufacturing and trade
Manufacturing and trade of electric cars Global electric car output reached record levels in 2025 while European production rebounded Nearly 22 million electric cars were produced globally in 2025 – up more than 25% compared to the previous year. Of those, about one-quarter were traded between major production and demand centres. China remains the world’s largest hub for manufacturing and trade of electric cars, capturing nearly 75% and 40% of the respective global totals. Primarily led by domestic carmakers, China’s 2025 production of 16 million electric cars outstripped domestic demand by 20%, pushing Chinese electric car exports to double to…
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Key findings
…time to deploy the equipment and infrastructure needed to achieve cuts of this magnitude. But in the immediate future, if countries with spare export capacity and gas importers were to implement abatement measures across their upstream and downstream operations, we estimate that nearly 15 bcm could be made available in a sufficiently short period of time to provide some relief to gas markets. Around 70% of fossil-fuel methane emissions come from the top 10 emitting countries The availability, quality and reporting of methane emissions data have increased significantly in recent years but remains very uneven between countries. While uncertainty rema...
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Electricity 2026 Emissions
…slight decrease of around 1%. In the European Union, emissions from electricity generation fell by 2.2%. By contrast, US emissions increased by 4.3% due to higher coal-fired generation.Between 2026 and 2030, China’s CO₂ emissions from electricity generation are forecast to fall on average by 0.2% per year as low-emissions energy sources constrain coal-fired output, and despite continued robust electricity demand growth. Following the decline in 2025, India is forecast to see emissions rise by an annual average of 2.4%, as demand posts steady growth through 2030, with coal remaining the dominant…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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+ 4 pages
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Oman
Oman’s energy supply is entirely generated by nationally-produced natural gas and oil products and the country is a large exporter of oil and gas. The government has recently launched the “Residential PV Initiative" to foster the private use of solar PV.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is a significant producer of coal, crude oil and natural gas, and a major energy exporter. While coal dominates the country’s energy mix, renewable sources of energy are a small but growing share of Kazakhstan’s electricity generation. Gas pipeline network expansion remains a priority, in order to expand access and reduce reliance on coal and LPG for household consumption. Kazakhstan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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