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Sustainable Transport for Georgia: A Roadmap Sustainable transport roadmap
…the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) and the 2024-2025 Climate Action Plan. Some prospects, such as partnering with global firms to build domestic low-emissions technology capacity, have not yet been realised, but should be considered.Georgia’s strong renewable electricity base, strategic location as a link between Asia and Europe, and skilled workforce create advantages for developing electric battery and vehicle value chains, expanding freight hubs and deep-sea ports, and even potentially producing electrolytic hydrogen and low-emissions hydrogen derivatives for export to the European Union. Partnerships with leaders in EV assembly, mobility and energy storage…
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Policy options to accelerate distributed solar PV in Ukraine Policy options and implications
…usually at a fixed price. The remuneration of solar PV electricity can be above, equal to or lower than the retail rate, while solar PV owners buy all electricity at the retail price to cover their demand. In this model, solar PV owners are like small power plants generating electricity under a long-term power purchase agreement (PPA). The higher the tariff compared to the PV system’s levelised cost of energy (LCOE), the more attractive the scheme becomes, irrespective of the retail tariff.Net metering: solar PV owners can use the electricity they generate, reducing their consumption from the…
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What Next for the Global Car Industry Pathways to global EV cost-competitiveness
…cost gap is possible – half is due to efficiency and automation, and 30% to access to low-cost supplies of critical minerals and battery components. Energy costs have only a small impact – between 1% and 4% depending on the region and powertrain -- on the direct cost of car manufacturing including parts and assembly. However, they can be twice as high for battery electric as for conventional cars in countries with above-average energy prices. In upstream industries like steel production, energy accounts for 25% of costs, on average. The differences in purchase prices for battery electric and conventional cars in…
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Angola
Angola is set to become the largest producer of crude oil in Southern Africa, yet has also set the foundation for the sustainable development of renewables, through investments and supportive measures. Angola has particularly strong hydropower generation potential that remains underutilised.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Targeted consumer support to enhance energy affordability
…costs to compensate energy companies for operating losses. Blanket measures such as price caps and energy tax reductions were widely used as they are relatively easy to administer and can alleviate pressure quickly. However, they can also represent high costs to government and be challenging to phase-out.Designing emergency support mechanisms that are temporary and targeted towards consumers that most need assistance can ensure that government support is deployed both quickly and efficiently in times of crisis. Investing in short-term measures to promote energy efficiency and demand restraint can also help to quickly lower energy bills in cost…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Key questions about hydrogen
…long-term contracts, and help to diversify energy sources and trading partners. Hydrogen can also improve the resilience of the system by providing additional assets that could be used to satisfy energy demand during supply disruptions.Hydrogen can be used in multiple applications, which allows governments to adapt its use to their national contexts. In addition, the multiple conversion steps in the hydrogen supply chain mean there is additional flexibility in the degree of domestic production for each of these steps. Nevertheless, the use of hydrogen to enhance energy security also introduces a trade-off with cost, since low-emissions…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Clean cooking infrastructure
…with differing requirements across technologies and regions. This chapter maps for the first time ever Africa’s existing clean cooking infrastructure, highlighting gaps and key considerations for expansion.Widening liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) distribution in sub-Saharan Africa requires the buildout of infrastructure. This includes additional primary storage – which is concentrated in oil producing states today – and improved port infrastructure, as 50% of LPG demand in the region is imported. On the distribution side, additional bottling facilities and specialised vehicles for safe transportation are required. With nearly 20 plants operating, cylinder manufacturing is a market segment where local players could have…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Steel
…EAF) routes are emerging as a preferred low-emissions option in certain regions. Early commercial plants using 100% hydrogen blends are estimated to cost 50-140% more than BF-BOF plants today, varying based on region, which is slowing deployment. Deployment Capacity for near-zero emissions iron by 2030 remains unchanged from 2024, at about 10 Mt. Near-zero emissions capable capacity is largely the same as in 2024, at just over 80 Mt. Of this, 25 Mt has plans to operate as near-zero emissions by 2030 but comes from early-stage projects. The rest plan to operate using natural gas initially…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Sudan
Most of Sudan’s electricity generation comes from hydropower, and more than half of the Eastern African region’s total oil-based capacity is located in the country. Sudan is also contemplating scaling up projects on solar power in the coming years.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit: Case studies
The following case studies demonstrate how different countries have successfully implemented energy efficiency policies across various sectors. These real-world examples are designed to support policymakers by offering practical insights into what works, under which conditions, and why.Each case study highlights specific policy instruments—such as regulations, information campaigns, or financial incentives—and shows how they have been applied in different contexts. They provide evidence on the outcomes achieved, lessons learned, and the challenges encountered during implementation. Readers are encouraged to explore the case studies by sector, policy type, or geographic region using the filters provided. Case studies bridge…
