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World Energy Outlook 2025 Implications of CPS and STEPS
Between continuity and change By 2035, energy demand in the Current Policies Scenario (CPS) is around 35 exajoules (EJ) higher than in the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), a difference roughly equivalent to the current annual energy demand of the Middle East. All the extra energy required in the CPS compared to the STEPS comes from oil, natural gas and coal. In the absence of renewed geopolitical disruptions, markets for oil and natural gas appear well supplied in the coming years. But production from existing oil fields declines at a rate of 8% per year, if no investment is made, so it…
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Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels
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Ensuring a Skilled Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Workforce
This report examines employment trends, skills needs, and skills gaps across renewable energy, grids, and energy efficiency. It highlights the increased demand for skilled workers in these sectors and the need to address skilled labour shortages. The report identifies barriers which are currently hindering energy education and training. It also discusses policy measures aimed at attracting more people to the renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors and providing them with the necessary training. The report includes new IEA analysis on online job postings in renewable energy and energy efficiency, and IEA modelling on energy employment from 2024 as the last…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 2. Southern power grid’s acquisition of Enel Peru distribution assets
Project overview and impact Latin America’s power systems face a growing need to modernise their electricity networks as clean energy deployment accelerates. While the region has seen a 25% increase in clean energy investment since 2015, grid spending has not kept pace, with less than USD 0.5 invested in networks and storage for every dollar spent on new generation. Strengthening distribution systems, especially in rapidly expanding urban areas, is essential to integrate more renewables. Peru is no exception. Although its electricity demand has grown steadily, network modernisation has lagged behind regional leaders, and the expansion of renewable capacity…
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US-Argentina Framework for an Agreement on Reciprocal Trade and Investment
In November 2025, the United States and Argentina concluded a Framework for an Agreement on Reciprocal Trade and Investment ("Framework") that seeks to strengthen the two countries' trade and investment relationship. As part of this Framework, Cambodia and the United States have agreed to certain measures regarding critical mineral supply chains. In particular, Argentina and the United States will cooperate to facilitate investment and trade in critical minerals. In addition, Argentina has agreed to take measures to encourage a more resource-efficient economy, including in the critical minerals sector.
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Asia Zero Emission Community (AZEC)
Asia Zero Emission Community (AZEC) is an initiative proposed by Japan in 2022 and launched by 11 countries (Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Viet Nam) in 2023 to promote decarbonization in Asia. It provides a platform to support climate policy development, foster public-private partnerships, strengthen technological cooperation, and establish green industrial supply chains. Over 150 MOUs have been signed under the auspices of AZEC, including in relation to reduction of methane emissions from natural gas.
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Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Investigations of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Cell imports
In May 2024, the US authorities initiated antidumping and countervailing duty investigations of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cell imports from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Viet Nam.
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Financing Electricity Access in Africa Pathway to universal access
Mobilising the necessary investment Under the new Accelerating Clean Cooking and Electricity Services Scenario (ACCESS), investment of nearly USD 150 billion is needed to achieve universal electricity access in sub-Saharan Africa by 2035. This represents a six-fold increase in annual spending from today’s levels, facilitated by improvements to the regulatory environment, strengthened risk management by developers and risk-mitigation tools to support more private investment, and a more targeted use of concessional funds.Around 45% of households currently without access are connected via the grid under the ACCESS scenario, with financial support for households to reduce connection fees and…
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Omar Andrés Camacho
Minister of Mines and Energy, Colombia.
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Global Energy and Climate Model Macro drivers
Overview The Global Energy and Climate Model (GEC Model) uses macro drivers, techno-economic inputs and policies as input data to design and calculate the scenarios. The values for the different data categories and scenarios used in the GEC Model 2025 can be downloaded here.Economic activity and population are the two fundamental drivers of demand for energy services in GEC Model scenarios. Unless otherwise specified, these are kept constant across all scenarios as a means of providing a starting point for the analysis and facilitating the interpretation of the results. The projections are based on the average retail prices…
