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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for liquid fuels
…pressures. Some sectors, notably aviation, are still recovering from the shock of the pandemic. Others, such as the chemical sector, have remained robust throughout. Road transport, which has traditionally been the heartland of oil consumption, is undergoing structural changes, especially for personal mobility; nearly one-in-ten passenger cars sold worldwide in 2021 was an electric vehicle. And now high prices – and their economic impacts – are contributing further to near-term uncertainty. Key findings The oil market today is grappling with huge near-term and long-term uncertainties. Fears of recession loom large over the immediate prospects for demand, although…
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Energy Efficiency 2025 Transport
How and where is energy used? Total final consumption in 2024 was over 450 EJ and has grown by around 25 EJ since 2019. Transport accounts for around 30% of global energy demand and have contributed around 10% of the growth in total demand since 2019. Road transport accounts for nearly 90% of total domestic energy demand. The remaining 10% is split between domestic aviation, domestic shipping and rail.In advanced economies, passenger cars dominate road transport demand, accounting for around 65% of the transport energy use. Trucks make up most of the remainder. Buses play a minor role in energy demand…
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Outlook for energy demand
…LDVs were responsible for only around 55% of road electricity demand, and this remains the same in 2030 in the STEPS, illustrating China’s success in EV adoption across a range of applications. In contrast, over 90% of electricity demand for road in the United States came from electric cars in 2024, though this falls to around 75% in 2030 in the STEPS, as demand from electric buses and commercial vehicles picks up. In Europe, the increasing number of electric heavy-duty trucks means their share of road transport electricity demand increases from less than 5% to more than 20% in…
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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Accelerating sustainable transport
…enhanced energy security and reduced dependence on imported fossil fuels, Armenia has made the transition to sustainable transport a top priority.This chapter lays out a forward-looking framework designed to accelerate Armenia’s shift to an efficient, low-carbon and resilient transport system. Drawing on international best practices, the recommendations focus on three interconnected priorities: electrifying the road transport fleet, boosting overall transport system efficiency and expanding the use of fossil-free fuels. These objectives support a broad transformation, aimed not only at curbing greenhouse gas emissions in Armenia, but also at improving economic competitiveness and quality of life…
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Renewables 2025 Renewable transport
Renewable energy in transport is set to expand 50% to 2030 With greater use of renewable electricity, liquid biofuels, biogases and renewable hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels, renewable energy consumption in transport is expected to rise 50% by 2030. The largest share of this growth (45%) will come from renewable electricity used for electric vehicles, especially in China and Europe.Road biofuels contribute the second-largest share (35%), with significant growth in Brazil, Indonesia, India and Malaysia, supported by tightening mandates and rising fuel demand. Aviation and maritime fuel use makes up 10% of growth, primarily owing to mandates in…
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Delivering Sustainable Fuels Executive summary
…based fuels – offer multiple benefits for the energy sector. They complement electrification and energy efficiency in energy transitions, and they are particularly important for sectors that continue to be reliant on fuel-based solutions such as aviation, shipping, and parts of road transport and industry. Sustainable fuels can also enhance energy security, stimulate economic development and strengthen environmental sustainability.Greater use of sustainable fuels can bolster energy security by diversifying fuel supply and reducing fossil-fuel import dependence. Sustainable fuels can be produced from domestic resources in many countries, reducing exposure to volatile international oil and gas markets and supply…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Executive summary
…importance to avoid fragmentation of global markets and delaying action on emissions reductions. This report therefore identifies many practical opportunities for countries to work together in ways that advance economic development objectives as well as transitions.The Breakthrough Agenda acts as a framework to identify where collaborative action is most needed. Launched in 2021, the Breakthrough Agenda is supported by 61 countries and over 150 initiatives across 7 major sectors of the economy: power, hydrogen, road transport, steel, cement and concrete, buildings and agriculture. Through a collaborative process, participants are working to make clean technologies and sustainable solutions the most…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Current Policies Scenario
…rises in the Current Policies Scenario (CPS) by around 1.3% each year over the next decade, similar to the average annual increase over the last decade: global industrial output, appliance ownership and demands for mobility all increase, while energy efficiency gains are modest. Demand for oil rises to 113 million barrels per day by 2050, mainly due to its increased use in emerging market and developing economies for road transport, petrochemical feedstocks, and aviation. Electric vehicle (EV) uptake stalls in regions lacking strong policy support: China and Europe are the main exceptions, and they see continued growth in EV sales…
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Climate Change
…Yet the production and consumption of energy is also responsible for 75% of greenhouse gas emissions, making it the primary driver of climate change.As temperatures around the world continue to break records, the case for swiftly transforming the global energy system has never been stronger. The IEA’s Net Zero Roadmap lays out a pathway for the world’s energy sector to reach net zero emissions by mid-century, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C, as called for by the Paris Agreement, and avoiding the worst effects of climate change.The rapid growth of some clean energy technologies…
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Executive summary
…China maintained its lead, with electric cars accounting for almost half of all car sales in 2024; the over 11 million electric cars sold in China last year were more than global sales just 2 years earlier. As a result of continued strong growth, 1 in 10 cars on Chinese roads is now electric. Europe saw sales stagnate in 2024 as subsidy schemes and other supportive policies waned, but the sales share of electric cars remained around 20% as stronger sales in some countries compensated for lower sales in others. In the United States, electric car sales grew by about 10% year…