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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for liquid fuels
The situation for oil markets today could hardly be more different from what it was in 2020. Two years ago, lockdowns imposed in response to the Covid-19 pandemic caused a huge oversupply of oil, leading prices to collapse to an average of USD 44/barrel. Today, global supply is struggling to keep pace with demand, with many producers bumping up against capacity constraints and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine sharply accentuating market tightness. Prices have soared to an average of USD 105/barrel so far in 2022.Global oil use is subject to sharply conflicting pressures. Some sectors, notably aviation, are…
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Ukraine’s Energy Security As Ukraine heads into another heating season, six measures can help improve energy security
…measures, can serve as a strong means of protecting key energy facilities. Ukraine has been investing in lighter passive defence – such as gabions and sandbags, as well as anti-drone netting – as well as a second level of protection whereby reinforced concrete structures are erected around important infrastructure such as substations and autotransformers. These measures, combined with air defence, have successfully repelled some recent attacks. However, further investment remains necessary as Russia continues to update its attack strategies and increase the number of drones and missiles deployed.Efforts to optimise supply chains for key energy equipment also remain crucial, as…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Technology: Solar PV and wind
…share was made up by hydropower, bioenergy, geothermal, concentrating solar power and marine energy. Solar PV capacity additions in 2025 rose by around 12%, surpassing 600 GW for the first time. This expansion brought cumulative solar PV capacity to around 2 800 GW, becoming the technology with the largest installed capacity globally. Thirty countries installed over 1 GW of solar PV in a single year, almost twice as many as in 2020. Meanwhile, following stable growth in 2024, annual wind capacity additions increased by nearly 40% globally, setting a new record at around 160 GW, despite ongoing supply chain challenges…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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World Energy Investment 2025 Eurasia
…a significant share of overall energy investment, Eurasia's upstream oil and gas investment is projected to be around USD 54 billion by 2025, around half of 2015 levels. This decline is particularly evident in greenfield projects, where investment has fallen from around 50% in 2015 to less than 20% in 2025. Around 75% of oil and gas upstream investment in the region is made by Russia. Low oil prices have pushed Russian companies to cut costs and focus on cheaper brownfield projects rather than new developments. Moreover, international sanctions against Russia have significantly affected the energy sector by limiting access to…
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Global Methane Tracker 2025 Policies
…regulations Methane pledges cover 80% of global fossil fuel production, with the largest initiative being the Global Methane Pledge (GMP). Countries that participate in the GMP commit to work together to collectively reduce global methane emissions from human activity (across all sources, not limited to energy) by at least 30% below 2020 levels by 2030. Cutting the world’s methane emissions by 30% over the next decade would have the same impact on global warming by mid-century as immediately shifting the global transport sector to net zero CO2 emissions.In 2024, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Guatemala and Madagascar joined the GMP…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
…energy, climate and related industrial policies that have been adopted or put forward, as well as policy intentions not yet codified into law but supported by markets, infrastructure and financial conditions.Like the Current Policies Scenario, the STEPS is an exploratory scenario in that it does not target a predetermined outcome. Instead, it sets the starting conditions and sees where they lead. As such, it does not assume that aspirational goals, such as those included in some Nationally Determined Contributions, are achieved. It is grounded in what policies are actually in place or planned across different sectors of the energy…
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap The hydrogen opportunity
…be located abroad, and 80% are related to constructing renewables rather than electrolysis. Focusing on electrification would therefore provide most potential job opportunities.Producing 2.5 Mtpa of hydrogen requires an investment of USD 85-90 billion for renewables and electrolysis. This is equivalent to 50% of the national gross domestic product in 2024 and 45-65% higher than the investment needed to reconstruct the entire energy system after the war. If this investment is funded with a cost of capital of 15%, interest payments could reach USD 165-175 billion (in nominal terms) over the entire lifetime of the assets. Introduction This chapter…
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Electricity 2026 Flexibility
…to refining price signals, including offering free electricity to customers. Demand response offers breakthrough benefits, yet its potential is largely untapped With the share of variable renewable energy (VRE) sources in electricity supply rising rapidly in many regions and end-use sectors such as heating and transport becoming progressively more electrified, demand flexibility has become an essential component for power systems. In this evolving energy landscape, demand response (DR) programmes are becoming an increasingly important flexibility tool, enabling households and businesses to shift or shed their electricity use in response to grid or market signals.In exchange, DR plans offer…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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+ 4 pages
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Executive summary
…roads is now electric. Europe saw sales stagnate in 2024 as subsidy schemes and other supportive policies waned, but the sales share of electric cars remained around 20% as stronger sales in some countries compensated for lower sales in others. In the United States, electric car sales grew by about 10% year-on-year, reaching more than 1 in 10 cars sold. Emerging markets in Asia and Latin America are becoming new centres of growth, with electric car sales jumping by over 60% in 2024 to almost 600 000 – about the size of the European market 5 years earlier. In Southeast Asia…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for gaseous fuels
…its partners debate ways to reduce reliance on Russian gas and curtail its revenue from energy sales. The strains on gas supply have also led to energy shortages in several parts of the developing world that rely on imported gas, notably Pakistan and Bangladesh. Major growth markets for gas such as India and China have meanwhile sharply reduced their LNG imports in 2022. Key findings The traditional arguments in favour of natural gas have focused on its role as a reliable partner for the clean energy transition and its ability to step in to fill the gap left by declining…