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Energy Technology Perspectives 2026 Supply chain risks and industrial competitiveness
…secure as its weakest link. No major change in the security of global clean energy technology supply chains is likely before the end of the current decade, based on committed manufacturing and mining projects and projected market trends based on today’s stated policy settings. The impact of Chinese clean energy technology manufacturing companies extends beyond the country’s borders. Chinese firms account for a large portion of the production capacity located outside China in the solar PV industry. Such high market concentration can create risks, particularly in the event of major firms facing financial difficulties, labour disputes or being…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)
…the World Energy Outlook (WEO). The intention of this scenario is to reflect the prevailing direction of travel for the energy system based on a detailed reading of the latest policy settings in countries around the world. It takes into account specific energy, climate and related industrial policies that have been adopted or put forward, as well as policy intentions not yet codified into law but supported by markets, infrastructure and financial conditions.Like the Current Policies Scenario, the STEPS is an exploratory scenario in that it does not target a predetermined outcome. Instead, it sets the starting conditions and…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Coal
…grew modestly above 2024 levels, rising by only 0.4%, an increase of around 30 million tonnes (or 0.7 EJ). This growth, which was in line with IEA estimates, was significantly below the 1.4% increase seen in 2024 and marked the end of the post-Covid rebound, with global coal demand growth slowing each year since 2021.Coal use in power generation diverged from recent trends in several regions around the world. In the United States, strong coal use in the power sector supported a 10% rise in demand, reversing the trend of declines in recent years. Meanwhile…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Biogas and biomethane outlook to 2050
…STEPS. Transport remains a small fraction of overall biogases usage, in the form of compressed or liquefied biomethane, but nevertheless plays a role in fuel switching. In emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs), fuel switching from oil accounts for roughly 40% of biomethane demand growth to 2035, followed by coal displacement in the power sector (33%) and natural gas displacement in buildings (9%). Geographies of demand change significantly in both the STEPS and APS. While Europe and North America currently make up just under 60% of demand for biogases, EMDEs constitute the new majority by 2035 in the STEPs…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit Clean Efficient Cooking
Clean Efficient Cooking
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Ireland
Ireland put in place an ambitious and comprehensive set of policies and targets to reach net zero by 2050 and 80% of renewable electricity generation by 2030, but now their implementation needs to accelerate. Natural gas will remain an important part of the energy mix at least until the mid-2030s, especially to meet peak electricity demand, but offshore renewable energy will become the cornerstone of Ireland’s energy transition beyond 2030. Given Ireland’s current exclusive reliance on energy imports from the United Kingdom, energy security is a major concern to the government while transitioning to a (variable) renewables…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Global Hydrogen Review 2024 Progress summary dashboard
Note: 2024e = Estimated based on announced projects. FID = Final Investment Decision.
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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has moved forward in the implementation of energy efficiency standards on key sectors and end-uses linked to their energy saving potential. These standards are focused on and the transport and building sectors. For example, new buildings are now required to be insulated.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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An Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Colombia Executive summary
…trends. Colombia is currently the sixth-largest coal exporter globally and the fourth-largest oil exporter in the region, meaning its economy is exposed to fuel price volatility. Exporting primary materials and importing higher-value goods such as refined products or cars places Colombia as a net importer in monetary terms. …and fossil fuels lead Colombia’s energy mix Over 75% of Colombia’s total energy demand was met by fossil fuels in 2024, of which oil comprised more than 40%, followed by natural gas and coal. Oil is the main fuel used to meet transport demand at 90%…
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Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan’s government is continuously investing in oil and gas, to modernise and expand the electricity and heat sector by 2020. Moreover, the energy sector is almost fully subsidised, with citizens receiving free electricity, heat and gas up to a certain level of consumption, until 2030, but the government is taking steps to reduce subsidies to curb domestic demand and increase exports. Turkmenistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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