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Critical Mineral Traceability for Energy and Economic Security Executive summary
…uptake remains uneven across minerals, regions and supply chain segments. Based on the IEA-OECD joint survey, two-thirds of respondent companies report having some form of traceability system – 30% with full coverage and 40% across selected minerals or supply chains. Upstream companies are implementing traceability systems at twice the rate of downstream and midstream actors. Adoption across all supply chain segments is most advanced in cobalt supply chains, reflecting long-standing efforts to improve visibility, followed by graphite and copper. Lithium and nickel supply chains see the strongest adoption in the upstream, where around 50% of companies reported havin...
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India
Energy demand in India is growing rapidly with major implications for the global energy market. The Government of India has made remarkable progress in providing access to electricity and clean cooking while implementing a range of energy market reforms and integrating a high share of renewable energy sources into the grid. India, with a population of 1.36 billion and a fast growing economy, has seen its energy demand increasing rapidly as the country continues to urbanize and the manufacturing sector develops. This growing demand is met through various energy sources, with coal set to remain the largest source of…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2024 Executive summary
…remain top priorities for Southeast Asia. The recent global energy crisis highlighted the region’s vulnerability to fuel price shocks, with fossil fuel consumption subsidies soaring to a record USD 105 billion in 2022 – nearly 60% above the previous peak. Energy security risks continue to loom large as Russia’s war in Ukraine continues and conflicts in the Middle East escalate, with Southeast Asia reliant on the Middle East for 60% of its current oil imports.Energy-related environmental issues, including poor air quality and the impacts of climate change, are becoming more urgent. In 2023, 85% of Southeast Asia…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Techno-economic inputs
…distinction in the analysis between conventional and unconventional resource types.Overall, the remaining technical recoverable resources of fossil fuels remain similar to those in the World Energy Outlook 2024. All fuels are at a level sufficient to meet the projections of global energy demand growth to 2050 in all scenarios. Remaining technically recoverable resources of US tight oil (crude plus condensate) total more than 210 billion barrels. Natural gas resource numbers remain broadly similar to those of last year. Most of the remaining technically recoverable resources lie in the Eurasia, the Middle East and the United States.World coal resources are…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Energy security in energy transitions
…75 million people have lost the ability to pay for extended electricity services and 100 million for clean cooking solutions. In emerging market and developing economies, the poorest households consume nine-times less energy than the wealthiest but spend a far greater proportion of their income on energy. Turning these worsening energy poverty trends around is essential for secure, people-centred energy transitions.Collaborate to bring down the cost of capital in emerging market and developing economies. The cost of capital for a solar photovoltaics (PV) plant in 2021 in key emerging economies was between two- and three-times higher than in…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap
Buildings account for more than half of Moldova’s final energy consumption, with three-quarters of that used for space and water heating. At the same time, Moldova lacks domestic hydrocarbon resources and imports more than 80% of its primary energy. Heat pump technology offers Moldova an effective means of accelerating the transition in building heating.The recent expansion of Moldova’s solar and wind capacity also means that heat pumps can now play a greater role in cutting greenhouse gas emissions and lowering local air pollution. Finally, Moldovan’s 2024 referendum, endorsing the goal of European Union membership, underscores…
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Global Energy Review 2025 Coal
…reaching a new all-time high. The country now consumes nearly 40% more coal than the rest of the world combined, largely for power generation. Over one-third of all the coal consumed globally is burned by power plants in China. China’s influence in global coal market trends is unparalleled by any country for any type of fuel, with China’s share of global coal consumption now standing at 58%.In 2024, electricity demand in China was very strong, rising by 7% (or over 550 TWh). Despite huge solar PV and wind capacity additions in recent years – as well as…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 3 pages
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World Energy Investment 2025 European Union
Energy investment in the European Union has shifted over the past decade to low-emissions generation. Grid investment is key to EU price convergence and market stability In the past decade, the European Union (EU) has increased its commitment to clean energy, with investment reaching almost USD 390 billion in 2025. Investment in low-emissions electricity was driven by the global energy crisis that followed Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, subsequent favourable policy incentives and the declining cost of renewable technologies. In 2024 renewables generated 50% of electricity used in the EU, while fossil fuels accounted…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case studies
…to industrial decarbonisation, equity participation in regional infrastructure platforms and upstream resource development. Together, they show how different parts of China’s official financing system interact with local conditions, how technical capabilities are deployed across markets, and how risk-mitigation tools, co-investment structures and SOE balance-sheets shape outcomes on the ground.These case studies also demonstrate that China’s overseas energy engagement is not merely a response to market opportunities, but also an interaction with host countries’ conditions. These financing practices typically align with host governments’ national targets such as expanding renewable capacity, improving grid reliability, or strengthening…
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Libya
In 2013, the Libyan government launched the Renewable Energy Strategic 2013-2025 Plan, which aims to achieve 7% renewable energy contribution to the electric energy mix by 2020 and 10% by 2025. This will come from wind, Concentrated Solar Power, solar PV and solar heat.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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