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Global Energy and Climate Model Techno-economic inputs
…numbers for proven reserves. Resource estimates are subject to a considerable degree of uncertainty, as well as the distinction in the analysis between conventional and unconventional resource types.Overall, the remaining technical recoverable resources of fossil fuels remain similar to those in the World Energy Outlook 2024. All fuels are at a level sufficient to meet the projections of global energy demand growth to 2050 in all scenarios. Remaining technically recoverable resources of US tight oil (crude plus condensate) total more than 210 billion barrels. Natural gas resource numbers remain broadly similar to those of last year. Most of the remaining…
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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Impact analysis of the two largest LNG import regions
…energy landscape, accounting for about one-quarter of primary energy supply and playing a role across virtually all demand sectors. In the run-up to the crisis, the European continent could count on a multitude of gas supply sources: domestic production, pipeline imports and LNG imports. This diversity of sources fostered gas-on-gas competition and a growing reliance on spot-traded supply, notably in LNG. From 2015 to 2021, the share of short-term and spot-traded LNG imports grew from 10% to about 40% – a share that kept growing through the crisis years to reach 46% in 2024…
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Integrating Distributed Energy Resources in China Executive summary
Rapid DER expansion creates new considerations for China’s distribution networks China is experiencing an unprecedented boom in distributed energy resources (DERs), including rooftop solar photovoltaics, battery storage, electric vehicles (EVs) and flexible electric loads. Typically located behind-the-meter, these small assets can deliver significant benefits to China’s power system if efficiently integrated, including enhanced flexibility, strengthened electricity security and lower system costs. Driven by declining technology costs and supportive national programmes, DER deployment has accelerated across rural communities and commercial and industrial buildings. By 2024, distributed photovoltaics (DPV) accounted for 40% of the country’s total solar…
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Renewables 2025 Renewable electricity
…China, the European Union and Japan Globally, renewable power capacity is projected to increase almost 4 600 GW between 2025 and 2030 – double the deployment of the previous five years (2019-2024). Growth in utility-scale and distributed solar PV more than doubles, representing nearly 80% of worldwide renewable electricity capacity expansion. Low module costs, relatively efficient permitting processes and broad social acceptance drive the acceleration in solar PV adoption.Distributed solar PV applications (residential, commercial, industrial and off-grid projects) account for 42% of the overall PV expansion. Higher retail electricity prices following the energy crisis, along with strong policy support…
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Portugal 2026 Executive summary
…need. At the same time, electrification, digitalisation and expanded buildings' renovations will require new skills and workforce redeployment. A people-centred approach is essential to ensure that affordability, access, consumer protection and workforce capacity are integrated into energy transition policies. Public support should be targeted to where it delivers the greatest benefit and drives broad participation in the energy transition.With clear progress on decarbonising electricity supply, the next phase of Portugal’s energy transition must focus on the electrification of transport, buildings and industry, which together account for most energy-related GHG emissions (82% in 2024). Electrification is expect...
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Regulating the sector
…they can be used to ensure that efficient building practices are used, and renewable energy is considered from the beginning. Typically, these standards are simpler to implement because they target industry, rather than the residential sector. In existing buildings, energy codes can specify minimum performance standards, encourage renovation and mandate the replacement of polluting appliances.In Moldova, more than 75% of the building stock was built before 1990 and the rate of new construction is slow. As discussed earlier, there is also a significant gap between rural and urban renovation efforts. Building energy codes are essential for driving the retrofitting…
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Critical Mineral Traceability for Energy and Economic Security
Amid rising risks linked to the high concentration of critical mineral supply chains, the ability to track where minerals originate, how they move through supply chains, who has custody of them and how they are transformed is increasingly important for policymakers seeking to create diversified and responsible supply chains.This report provides insights from a first-of-its kind survey on traceability conducted by the IEA and OECD. More than 80 respondent companies active across supply chains of the six focus minerals (copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements) provided results between October and December 2025. Drawing on…
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Designing an effective strategic stockpiling system for critical minerals
…materialised at scale The IEA has long warned of the potential security risks associated with the high concentration of critical mineral supply chains. In 2025, these risks became a reality, marking a major turning point for global economic security. The rare earths export controls announced by China in October 2025 posed major national and economic security risks across the world, with potentially severe impacts for a range of strategic sectors including energy, automotive, defence, aerospace, AI and semiconductors. Earlier export controls introduced in April had already resulted in some automotive factories around the world being forced to cut utilisation rates…
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Oil Market Report - October 2025
The IEA Oil Market Report (OMR) is one of the world's most authoritative and timely sources of data, forecasts and analysis on the global oil market – including detailed statistics and commentary on oil supply, demand, inventories, prices and refining activity, as well as oil trade for IEA and selected non-IEA countries. Highlights Global oil demand rose by 750 kb/d y-o-y in 3Q25, as petrochemical feedstocks led a rebound from 2Q25’s tariff-afflicted 420 kb/d pace. Still, oil use will remain subdued over the remainder of 2025 and in 2026, resulting in annual gains…
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Oil Market Report - March 2025
…oil market – including detailed statistics and commentary on oil supply, demand, inventories, prices and refining activity, as well as oil trade for IEA and selected non-IEA countries. Highlights Growth in global oil demand is set to accelerate to just over 1 mb/d this year, from 830 kb/d in 2024, reaching 103.9 mb/d. Asia accounts for almost 60% of gains, led by China where petrochemical feedstocks will provide the entirety of growth. Amid an unusually uncertain macroeconomic climate, recent delivery data have been below expectations, leading to slightly lower estimates for 4Q24 and 1Q25 growth at…
