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The Netherlands
The Netherlands aims to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050, and numerous measures have been introduced to support achievement of this goal. A competitive auctions process awards subsidies to renewables, hydrogen and carbon capture, based on avoided CO2 emissions. An offshore wind roadmap is driving rapid deployment and aims for 11.5 GW of capacity by 2030, while strong innovation programmes support deployment of key decarbonisation technologies. Electricity from solar has experienced an impressive growth, with the Netherlands ranking among the top countries in the world for installed PV capacity per capita. The Netherlands will need to closely monitor…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Energy Efficiency 2025 Industry
How and where is energy used? Total final consumption in 2024 was over 450 EJ and has grown by around 25 EJ since 2019. Industry accounts for the largest share of this demand, at nearly 40%. Industry saw the strongest growth since 2019, contributing two-thirds of the total increase in global energy demand. The industrial sector can be divided into energy-intensive industries, responsible for three-quarters of total industrial demand, and less intensive industries, which are responsible for the remainder.In energy-intensive industries, energy is largely used in processes that require high-temperature heat, generally above 500°C. Efficiency improvements…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Current Policies Scenario
Expanding the world we know Total final consumption rises in the Current Policies Scenario (CPS) by around 1.3% each year over the next decade, similar to the average annual increase over the last decade: global industrial output, appliance ownership and demands for mobility all increase, while energy efficiency gains are modest. Demand for oil rises to 113 million barrels per day by 2050, mainly due to its increased use in emerging market and developing economies for road transport, petrochemical feedstocks, and aviation. Electric vehicle (EV) uptake stalls in regions lacking strong policy support: China and Europe are the main exceptions…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Summary
…pushing up prices for crude oil above $100/barrel, and leading to much higher prices for some refined products – notably diesel, jet fuel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Concerns are growing about the impacts of higher prices on households, businesses and the broader economy.The resumption of transit through the Strait of Hormuz is the single most important action to return to stable oil and gas flows and reduce the strains on markets and prices. In the interim, countries around the world are taking a range of measures to increase supply and to reduce the impact of sharp price rises…
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Brazil 2025
Energy Policy Review Government action plays a pivotal role in ensuring secure and sustainable energy transitions. Energy policy is critical not just for the energy sector but also for meeting environmental, economic and social goals. Governments need to respond to their country’s specific needs, adapt to regional contexts and help address global challenges. In this context, the International Energy Agency (IEA) conducts Energy Policy Reviews to support governments in developing more impactful energy and climate policies.This Energy Policy Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Brazil and the IEA. It draws on the IEA’s extensive…
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Energy Efficiency 2025 Buildings
…electrifying heating systems, are therefore some of the most important drivers of efficiency progress. Policies, such as energy performance certificates and retrofit incentives can help improve the efficiency of existing buildings. To accelerate the deployment of electric heating systems, such as heat pumps, governments can regulate fossil fuel-based heating technologies, harmonise labels for heating solutions, provide targeted rebates, or reduce the price gap between gas and electricity.In emerging economies, the number of buildings is growing almost twice as fast as in advanced economies, so efficient new buildings and urban planning are important to accelerate efficiency progress. Building energy…
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Hungary
Hungary was among the first countries globally, in June 2020, to make a legal commitment to become carbon neutral by 2050 and plans to phase out coal by 2030 at the latest. Enhanced energy efficiency, increased renewable and nuclear electricity and electrification of end-use sectors are identified as the key drivers towards the 2050 target. Hungary plans to build two new nuclear unit and while solar PV has grown notably, wind lacks behind its potential but the change in siting limits for wind turbines are likely to have a positive impact on the sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Portugal 2026 Executive summary
…IEA Member countries. Portugal is entering a mid‑transition that requires managing two interconnected energy systems that are moving in opposite directions: one is based on renewables and electrification and must scale up rapidly; the other is a legacy fossil fuel system that must decline in an orderly way to avoid stranded assets and price shocks. Electricity is becoming the central pillar of energy security and the main driver of emissions reductions.Portugal has established an ambitious direction for its energy transition through a series of strategic policy documents centred on the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP). The NECP sets…
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Cost of Capital Observatory
Tracking the cost of capital for clean energy projects in emerging and developing economies The Cost of Capital Observatory is an initiative from the IEA, the World Economic Forum, ETH Zurich and Imperial College London. The aim of the Observatory is to increase transparency in the energy sector and inspire investor confidence, especially in emerging and developing countries where data on financing costs is scarcer.The Observatory is divided into three sections:A Dashboard that provides free data on the cost of capital for energy projects in emerging and developing economies, updated with 2023 and 2024 data in July and…
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World Energy Investment 2025 Eurasia
…gas supply partly explain this trend, but it has been exacerbated by the decline in Russian spending after its full-scale invasion of Ukraine and the loss of most of its European export markets. However, investment has picked up in other markets, notably in Kazakhstan with the launch of the USD 48 billion expansion of the Tengiz oilfield, Central Asia’s largest oilfield, which is operated by Tengizchevroil. Investment in 2025 reaches a level similar to that of 2020, at an amount of around USD 143 billion. Despite fossil fuel investment maintaining a significant share of overall energy investment, Eurasia's upstream oil and…
