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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Trade and infrastructure
Highlights Trade is a major driver of project announcements. Nearly 45% of low-emissions hydrogen from announced production projects is intended for export, exceeding 16 Mtpa H₂-eq by 2030 if all materialise. Yet export-oriented projects are less likely to reach the investment stage, with only 5% having done so. These projects tend to be large scale, lacking off-takers. More than half are in emerging and developing economies, where affordable capital and export infrastructure may be limited.Some governments are supporting the large-scale offtake of low-emissions hydrogen by providing funds for long-term premiums through competitive auctions. However…
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Chad
In Chad, only 4% of the population has access to electricity. This goes hand-in-hand with low rates of access to basic services such as drinking water, basic sanitation and paved roads. Meanwhile, crude oil has become the country’s primary source of export earnings. In 2019, Chad’s energy mix was dominated by biofuels and wastes (85%) with oil products accounting for the rest of the total energy supply. In 2020, less than 5% of the population had access to clean cooking and 8% had access to electricity. The electrification rate is one of the lowest in Sub…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Global Energy and Climate Model
Scenario analysis of future energy trends Global Energy and Climate Model Over the past four years, the IEA has worked to develop a new integrated modelling framework: the IEA’s Global Energy and Climate (GEC) Model. This model is now the principal tool used to generate detailed sector-by-sector and region-by-region long-term scenarios across IEA's publications, including the World Energy Outlook series and Energy Technology Perspectives series.In 2021, the IEA adopted for the first time a new hybrid modelling approach relying on the strengths of both models. The integrated framework of the IEA’s Global…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Stated Policies Scenario
Stepping up the pace of change? The Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) is an exploratory scenario, designed to reflect the prevailing direction of travel for the energy system based on a detailed reading of country-specific energy, climate and related industrial policies that have been adopted or put forward, even if not yet codified in law. It reflects the state of technology and market conditions but does not include aspirational goals. Total final consumption grows 1% annually to 2035 in the STEPS, with India and other emerging market and developing economies leading demand growth. It increases more slowly than in the…
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Germany 2025
Energy Policy Review Government action plays a pivotal role in ensuring secure and sustainable energy transitions and combatting the climate crisis. Energy policy is critical not just for the energy sector but also for meeting environmental, economic and social goals. Governments need to respond to their country’s specific needs, adapt to regional contexts and help address global challenges. In this context, the International Energy Agency (IEA) conducts Energy Policy Reviews to support governments in developing more impactful energy and climate policies.This Energy Policy Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Germany and the IEA. It draws…
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Jordan
The government of Jordan targets 10% of energy mix to come from renewables by 2020. The country has set up a fund, as well as duties and taxes exemptions on all manufactured locally and imported renewable energy sources equipment and systems.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Gaining an Edge
The Role of Energy Efficiency in Enhancing Competitiveness Energy efficiency delivers more than energy savings and emission reductions – it can also improve the competitiveness of countries and firms. From increased profitability to job creation, energy efficiency helps firms compete amid high costs, growing demand, and rising trade pressures. In today’s global context, energy efficiency is not only a matter of energy policy, but also of economic policy.The report analyses historical progress in industrial energy efficiency and its role in enhancing industrial competitiveness. It includes comparisons of firm-level energy efficiency, identifying performance gaps and opportunities for further improvement. Drawing…
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Tajikistan
Hydropower is the main source of energy in Tajikistan, followed by imported oil, gas and coal. However, Tajikistan's energy sector is prone to supply shocks, due to seasonal shortages. Energy policy focuses on providing uninterrupted energy access to all users while improving regional co‑operation and energy sector efficiency, but significant domestic and foreign investment will be necessary for continued energy sector development. Tajikistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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How accelerating electrification could strengthen energy security in Southeast Asia
Commentary Electrification is key to energy security and sustainability across Southeast Asia Energy demand is rising rapidly in Southeast Asia, driven by economic growth, industrialisation, urbanisation and rising incomes. Since 2015, energy demand has risen by around 40%, while electricity demand has grown even faster – twice as fast as overall energy use. Although renewables have increased significantly over the past decade, fossil fuels have continued to dominate, meeting over 70% of energy demand growth across this period, with oil accounting for nearly half of total energy consumption.Rapid energy demand growth and continued dependence on fossil fuels brings greater exposure…
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Delivering Sustainable Fuels Executive summary
Sustainable liquid and gaseous fuels offer multiple benefits Sustainable fuels – including liquid biofuels, biogases, low-emissions hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels – offer multiple benefits for the energy sector. They complement electrification and energy efficiency in energy transitions, and they are particularly important for sectors that continue to be reliant on fuel-based solutions such as aviation, shipping, and parts of road transport and industry. Sustainable fuels can also enhance energy security, stimulate economic development and strengthen environmental sustainability.Greater use of sustainable fuels can bolster energy security by diversifying fuel supply and reducing fossil-fuel import dependence. Sustainable fuels can…
