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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies
Evolving institutions, instruments and implications for clean energy transitions Global energy investment exceeded USD 3.3 trillion in 2025, but capital flows remain uneven. Emerging market and developing economies (EMDE) outside China attracted just 27% of total energy investment and 18% of clean energy spending, despite accounting for nearly two-thirds of the global population and the bulk of future demand. Addressing this imbalance requires mobilising more capital from diverse sources into EMDE energy systems.China continues to play a central role in global energy investment flows because of its large domestic investments and its large external capital spending on energy. Since…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Five key questions about hydrogen
…500 MW project was commissioned in China, and Saudi Arabia's NEOM project is targeting 2 GW to be operative by 2027 – a 75-fold increase in just six years. Considering only projects that are operational, under construction or have reached a final investment decision, low-emissions hydrogen production can grow fivefold by 2030, reaching 4.2 million tonnes per year. Technology development is also accelerating at unprecedented speed, with more technologies advancing in readiness levels than in any previous year, particularly in steel, shipping, and aviation applications.While challenges remain – including high production costs, demand and regulatory uncertainty, and infrastructure gaps –…
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Emission reductions
…efficiency measures avoided energy-related carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions equivalent to nearly 20% of the global total in 2023. This is more than the entire energy-related emissions of India and the European Union combined. Accelerating efficiency improvements could deliver a third of all energy-related CO₂ emission reductions between now and 2030 in a pathway aligned with reaching net zero emissions by 2050 – the largest share of any sector or technology. Energy efficiency also improves air quality and people’s health by lowering local air pollutants such as fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrous oxide. Key analysis Global…
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Solar PV
Solar PV continues to dominate global renewables growth, though at a slower rate
Recent policy changes are expected to affect the pace at which solar PV capacity is added annually through the end of this decade. Even so, low costs, faster permitting and broad social acceptance are set to continue to drive the accelerating adoption of solar PV. As a result, capacity is set to more than double between 2025 and 2030 compared with the 2019 to 2024 period.
A growing share of variable renewable sources such as solar also comes with challenges. Curtailment levels and instances of negative electricity…
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Chinese Taipei
The Taiwanese government enacted in the late 2010s the Statute for Renewable Energy Development to reduce CO2 emissions, improve energy diversification and promote green-energy industries. The government is seeking to generate 8% of electricity from renewables by 2025.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Policies
Highlights Announced public funding for low-emissions hydrogen decreased by nearly two-thirds compared to the Global Hydrogen Review 2024 (GHR-24), to a cumulative USD 38 billion, but a larger share of funds is now making its way to specific projects. Several programmes in the European Union, India, Japan and United Kingdom have progressed to the second phase or beyond, with new calls building on learning from the first phase.Almost 90% of the public funding comes from advanced economies; other policy instruments like land allocation, tax incentives and reduced administrative procedures remain more common among emerging markets. The supply side still receives…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Production prospects to 2030
…realising the full pipeline of projects seems very difficult. In addition, we estimate that half of the announced projects face deferred start dates compared to the commercial operation date announced by developers. Delays are particularly acute among electrolyser projects, many of which had announced very ambitious timelines for a technology that had not previously been deployed at large scale. In comparison, large-scale CCUS projects have been operating for several years. More than half of potential electrolyser capacity is now set to slip past target operational dates, while 20% of CCUS capacity is similarly deferred.This delay in project delivery…
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane Biogas and biomethane outlook to 2050
The landscape for biogases is very different now compared to our last Outlook in 2020, with total demand 32% higher in 2040 in the STEPS than in the New Policies Scenario at the time. Whereas natural gas prices in 2020 were at record lows, the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 triggered interest in developing biomethane to substitute imported natural gas. The revised figure is driven in part by strengthened policy incentives, notably in Europe and China. There is a strong continued use case for biogases in the Outlook scenarios. Electricity's share in total final consumption increases from 20…
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Global Methane Tracker 2025 Overcoming barriers to abatement
…savings from affecting revenue, or the owner of the gas does not see its full value. Securing capital for required upfront investments can be difficult, especially in developing economies. Companies may struggle to muster sufficient staff or secure the necessary services to tackle the problem. Or they may not have identified an effective pathway or business case for bringing captured gas to productive use.Overcoming these barriers requires co-operation between governments, industry, the finance community, international organisations and civil society. Investors and financiers can play an important role by incorporating information on methane in their activities, as well as…
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Strategies to speed action
…savings on revenues, and those who own the gas may not recognise its full value. Upfront investment can be hard to secure, especially in developing economies. Companies may lack the needed staff or specialised services to tackle the problem. And in some cases, they have yet to find a workable way – or a convincing business case – to put captured gas to productive use.Overcoming these barriers will require co-operation between governments, industry, financiers, international organisations and civil society. Governments can mandate disclosure of methane-related metrics. Investors and lenders can help by factoring methane into their decisions, working with…
