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Renewables 2022 Transport biofuels
…Finland high fuel prices prompted the government to temporarily lower its renewable distribution obligation for 2022/23. Sweden froze 2023 greenhouse gas targets for transport fuels at 2022 levels. However, 2030 targets remain unchanged. Robust growth over the next five years will help meet climate and energy security goals Total global biofuel demand expands by 35 000 MLPY or 20% over 2022-2027 in the main-case forecast. Growth in renewable diesel and biojet fuel consumption is almost entirely in advanced economies. Here, policies designed to reduce GHG emissions are driving demand because these fuels can be produced with low…
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Coal 2025 Trade
International coal trade is set to decline in 2025 International coal trade grew by 3% in 2024, reaching a new record of 1 544 Mt. This growth was driven by increases in both thermal coal (up 26 Mt to 1 176 Mt) and met coal (up 21 Mt to 368 Mt). Coal trade accounted for approximately 18% of global coal demand, with thermal coal making up more than three-quarters of total traded volumes. Seaborne trade continued to dominate, representing over 90% of global coal trade in 2024.The Asia Pacific region further strengthened its dominance, accounting for 85% of global coal imports in 2024. China led…
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- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Policy response to the crisis
…gas market, protecting ease of market access, barrier-free trading and gas-on-gas competition through diversification of supply sources. However, while many of these policies at the EU and member state level have contributed to solutions to pressing concerns that emerged throughout the crisis, security of supply remains a key concern for Europe, and there remain opportunities to adjust or enhance some interventions.REPowerEUIn March 2022, a month after Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, EU leaders agreed in the European Council to phase out Europe’s dependency on Russian energy imports as soon as possible. The RE...
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Global Methane Tracker 2025 Understanding methane emissions
…years, compared with centuries – but it absorbs much more energy while it remains in the atmosphere. Methane also affects air quality because it can lead to ground-level (tropospheric) ozone, a dangerous pollutant. Methane leaks also present explosion risks. The latest Global Methane Budget estimates annual global methane emissions to be around 610 Mt, with human activity responsible for almost two‑thirds of the total and natural sources accounting for the rest. IEA analysis suggests that the energy sector was responsible for around 145 Mt of methane emissions in 2024 – more than 35% of the total amount attributable to human activity…
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Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Prices
…coal producers. International thermal coal prices fall amid reduced demand from China After the historic price spikes and extreme volatility of 2022, global thermal coal markets entered a phase of significant correction in 2023. This shift was driven by a combination of expanding supply, softening natural gas prices, reduced concerns over energy security, and the realignment of trade flows in response to sanctions on Russian coal exports. The ARA and Newcastle FOB price benchmarks began to decline from late 2022, reflecting a broader rebalancing of market fundamentals.In 2023 and 2024, thermal coal prices peaked at European ports, reaching approximately…
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Gas Market Report, Q1-2026 Executive summary
The unfolding LNG wave is expected to drive stronger gas demand growth in 2026 2025 was a transitional year for natural gas markets. While supply fundamentals remained tight in the first half of the year, strong LNG production growth gradually eased market conditions starting from July. Following a relatively strong increase in 2024, global gas demand growth slowed markedly in 2025 due to a combination of weaker industrial activity and relatively high spot LNG prices in the first half of the year. Market opening reforms continued to gather pace in Asia while the European Union reached a historic decision to…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026 Key questions about hydrogen
…long-term contracts, and help to diversify energy sources and trading partners. Hydrogen can also improve the resilience of the system by providing additional assets that could be used to satisfy energy demand during supply disruptions.Hydrogen can be used in multiple applications, which allows governments to adapt its use to their national contexts. In addition, the multiple conversion steps in the hydrogen supply chain mean there is additional flexibility in the degree of domestic production for each of these steps. Nevertheless, the use of hydrogen to enhance energy security also introduces a trade-off with cost, since low-emissions…
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Coal 2025 Supply
…high of 9.1 billion tonnes, largely driven by increased output in China, India and Indonesia. China retained its position as the world’s leading coal producer, maintaining output at 4 666 Mt. Coal remains the primary energy source in both China and India, making domestic production a cornerstone of their energy security strategies. Following supply shortages in 2021, both countries have ramped up coal production for several years in a row.At 9 111 Mt, global coal production in 2025 is projected to remain at 2024’s level. This marks a plateau before entering an expected downturn later in the decade. The decrease reflects weaker…
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Gas 2025 Executive summary
The coming LNG wave is set to profoundly transform the global gas market Following the supply shock of 2022/23, natural gas markets moved towards a gradual rebalancing in 2024 and 2025. During this period, supply fundamentals remained tight and prices stayed well above their historic levels. This limited demand growth, especially in price-sensitive Asian markets.Around 300 billion cubic metres per year of new liquefied natural gas (LNG) export capacity is expected to be added worldwide by 2030, primarily supported by liquefaction capacity expansions in the United States and Qatar. This wave of new LNG production capacity is…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Broader view on energy-related strategic minerals: What risks to anticipate?
Many energy-related minerals are used across multiple sectors, including digital technologies, aerospace and high-performance materials While critical minerals are often associated with electrification, renewables and battery storage, their significance extends well beyond energy, underpinning a broad array of industrial and technological applications. From AI and robotics to high-performance materials and aerospace, these minerals’ contribution to industrial and technological development is increasing, with broad economic implications. The range of strategic materials with significant implications for the energy sector should not be underestimated. Superalloys – which require a diverse array of input metals – illustrate this: approximately two-thirds of global…
