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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Broader view on energy-related strategic minerals: What risks to anticipate?
Many energy-related minerals are used across multiple sectors, including digital technologies, aerospace and high-performance materials While critical minerals are often associated with electrification, renewables and battery storage, their significance extends well beyond energy, underpinning a broad array of industrial and technological applications. From AI and robotics to high-performance materials and aerospace, these minerals’ contribution to industrial and technological development is increasing, with broad economic implications. The range of strategic materials with significant implications for the energy sector should not be underestimated. Superalloys – which require a diverse array of input metals – illustrate this: approximately two-thirds of global…
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Coal 2025 Investments in coal projects and emissions abatement
New projects increase the capacity of the project pipeline Forthcoming export-oriented coal projects in our database have a total capacity of 493 Mtpa at the time of writing, 63 Mtpa higher than in our previous report. This increase in the project pipeline is due to improved research on Indonesia rather than more projects actually being developed. This report classifies projects as either more advanced or less advanced based on whether they have received the necessary approvals and permits in their respective countries. The capacity of less-advanced projects declined from 275 Mtpa to 210 Mtpa. Some projects failed to obtain environmental approvals due…
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- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap Taking stock of the effect of war
…needed. Foreign grants and development finance may be a source of public support for hydrogen projects, but will face competing needs for restoration elsewhere in the energy system. Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine has had a profound impact on the country. This chapter takes stock of the effects related to hydrogen, including demand for existing applications like ammonia and refining, as well as considering how future applications like steel have been affected. It also looks at the power sector, given that renewable hydrogen production needs a mature and well-functioning power market, and gas infrastructure that could potentia...
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Executive summary
…women and girls spend on average four hours a day gathering fuel and cooking, often foregoing education or remunerated activities as a result. The lack of clean cooking is also linked to the loss of 1.3 million hectares of forest each year – diminishing a key resource for the continent. The combined impact of this and direct emissions from a lack of clean cooking access is equivalent to a quarter of Africa’s energy-related CO2 emissions today. Recent momentum creates a pivotal moment for clean cooking in Africa Policy and financing commitments made at the 2024 Summit on Clean Cooking…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Macro drivers
…in GEC Model scenarios. Unless otherwise specified, these are kept constant across all scenarios as a means of providing a starting point for the analysis and facilitating the interpretation of the results. The projections are based on the average retail prices of each fuel used in final uses, power generation and other transformation sectors. These end-use prices are derived from projected international prices of fossil fuels and subsidy/tax levels and vary by country. Population We use the medium variant of the United Nations projections as the basis for our population growth. In this variant, global population growth slows…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit The Energy Efficiency Policy Package
The Energy Efficiency Policy Package
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Energy and AI Understanding the energy-AI nexus
Artificial intelligence (AI) has a long history, dating back to at least the 1950s. Over time, it has seen a series of alternating periods of optimism and pessimism (so-called “AI winters”). In recent years, however, AI has been dramatically boosted by several developments and breakthroughs in techniques, costs and technology that have led to the rise of AI in its modern form that we are familiar with today, in particular generative AI. These developments include the massive increase in computing power and decline in cost due to exponential improvements in computing hardware performance; the exponential increase in the availability…
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Cost of Capital Observatory Dashboard
Overview The dashboard is a free resource that provides data on the cost of capital focused on clean energy projects in emerging and developing economies. It also provides information of the main underlying risks perceived by investors and financiers in each country as well as case studies. We hope these resources will help drive policy changes that can lower financing costs in the parts of the world that most need it. For additional information on how to estimate the cost of capital, this IEA article highlights the importance of financing costs in the energy transition, defines what financing costs are (also commonly…
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The Future of Electricity in the Middle East and North Africa Executive summary
…demand in the region and one-quarter of annual electricity demand – an amount larger than the total electricity use in all but 15 countries globally. While air conditioner ownership is high in Gulf Cooperation Council countries, it is relatively low in all other MENA countries. To 2035, cooling is set to be the largest driver of electricity demand growth in the region. The MENA region also faces extreme water stress, with an imbalance between freshwater demand and renewable water supply four times the global average. Seven of the eight most water-stressed nations globally are in the region. To meet demand…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Overview of outlook for key minerals
…2040. Copper is the material with the largest established market, and its demand is projected to grow by 30% over the same period. Battery deployment in electric vehicles (EVs) and storage applications drives strong demand growth for these minerals. Meanwhile, expanding construction and the electrification of grids and industrial equipment are fuelling increased demand for copper. Growing demand for permanent magnets, particularly from EVs and wind power, boosts the need for magnet rare earths.Meeting the rising demand for critical minerals under both the STEPS and APS would require substantial investment for new mines and refineries. In the STEPS, around…