-
Key lessons from Ukraine can inform energy resilience planning worldwide
…and building mechanisms for swift and effective cross-border collaboration.In each case, the report provides a snapshot of what Ukraine has done and delivers practical recommendations that policymakers and regulators elsewhere can take into consideration, based on their national priorities.The IEA has worked closely with Ukraine, an Association country, on energy system resilience, publishing a 10-point plan ahead of the 2024-25 winter, along with a 2025-26 update and a roadmap for decentralising Ukraine's power system. This has provided Ukraine with critical assistance, while also offering invaluable real-world lessons that can inform resilience globally.
-
Electrification can strengthen Portugal’s energy security and economic resilience
…policies and sets out recommendations to support a secure, affordable and people-centred energy system.Portugal has set ambitious targets through its National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), with clear objectives for 2030 and a pathway towards climate neutrality by 2045. To support this, Portugal can develop a national roadmap based on bottom-up sectoral agreements to improve co-ordination, align investment and provide greater clarity for stakeholders.The report highlights that electricity demand is already starting to rise as electrification accelerates across transport, buildings and industry. At the same time, the growing share of solar and wind generation is…
-
EU4Energy
…on legislative and regulatory frameworks and on key energy infrastructure investments to the countries of the Eastern Partnership, via the Energy Community Secretariat and the Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER). Country energy profiles Explore more Roadmaps and summary brochures for policy makers EU4Energy statistics training Ukraine's winter energy security plan Building robust and flexible energy policies Today’s energy policy landscape is shaped by the need to prepare for an uncertain future. To ensure decisions made today remain relevant and effective in the long term, governments must adopt a scenario-based approach supported by robust energy system modelling…
-
Luxembourg 2026 Executive summary
Luxembourg has established ambitious climate and energy objectives, but more targeted policy measures are needed to meet them. Luxembourg’s climate and energy goals are aligned with the European Union (EU) targets for a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030 and a 90% reduction by 2040, and it has legally enshrined net zero emissions by 2050. Despite rapid population and economic growth, energy-related emissions have already fallen by 40% since 2005, reflecting the success of early measures. Public support for climate action is also robust, providing a strong foundation for the next phase of the transition…
-
World Energy Investment 2026 How we track investment in energy
Tracking energy investment The way investment is measured across the energy spectrum varies, largely because of differences in the availability of data and the nature of expenditures. This document highlights the methodology used to ensure that the estimates are consistent and comparable across sectors in the World Energy Investment 2026 (WEI 2026) report and other publications from the International Energy Agency. The IEA measures investment as the ongoing capital spending on assets. For some sectors, such as power generation, this investment is spread out evenly from the year in which a new plant or upgrade of an existing one takes…
-
Sheltering From Oil Shocks Oil use in industry
Industry accounts for around 20% of global oil demand. Two-thirds of industrial oil demand is used as feedstock in the chemicals industry. There are options that can bring down oil demand in industry, and some flexibility on which oil products are used as petrochemical feedstocks. 10. Leverage flexibility with petrochemical feedstocks and implement short-term efficiency and maintenance measures Description: The majority of petrochemical production capacity in Asia and the European Union can technically switch between different oil products – such as LPG, naphtha, ethane or gasoil – as a feedstock without requiring equipment modifications. Prioritising the processing of oil feedstocks…
-
Coal 2025 Supply
Coal production plateaus in 2025 as structural shifts emerge to 2030 In 2024, global coal production hit a record high of 9.1 billion tonnes, largely driven by increased output in China, India and Indonesia. China retained its position as the world’s leading coal producer, maintaining output at 4 666 Mt. Coal remains the primary energy source in both China and India, making domestic production a cornerstone of their energy security strategies. Following supply shortages in 2021, both countries have ramped up coal production for several years in a row.At 9 111 Mt, global coal production in 2025 is projected to remain at 2024…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
-
+ 2 pages
-
Fossil Fuel Subsidies
This approach compares average end-user prices paid by consumers with reference prices that correspond to the full cost of supply. The price gap is the amount by which an end-use price is short of the reference price. Its existence indicates the presence of a subsidy. In a given economy, the basic calculation of subsidies for a product is:Subsidy = (Reference price - End-user price) × Units consumedThese calculations require substantial data. End-user price and consumption data are drawn from IEA data and, where necessary, from government sources and other reports. The estimates are also sensitive to reference…
-
Financing Electricity Access in Africa Beyond new connections
Providing an affordable, equitable and quality service Affordability constraints can prevent households from gaining access to electricity or from taking advantage of electricity services once a connection is made. An estimated 220 million people in sub-Saharan Africa (around 40% of those without access) would find the basic bundle unaffordable, rising to 400 million for the essential bundle (65% of those without access). Filling this affordability gap would cost an additional USD 2-10 billion per year, via supply-side subsidies to reduce developer costs, demand-side subsidies to reduce consumer costs, or reductions in financing costs.The cost of capital for electricity access projects…
-
Global Methane Tracker 2025 Accelerating industry action
Current oil and gas industry initiatives on methane A growing number of oil and gas companies have set methane targets, joining initiatives such as the Oil and Gas Methane Partnership 2.0 (OGMP 2.0), the Oil and Gas Climate Initiative (OGCI), the Oil and Gas Decarbonization Charter (OGDC), and the Methane Guiding Principles. OGMP 2.0 is the flagship oil and gas reporting and mitigation initiative of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Since 2023, around 20 new companies joined OGMP 2.0, bringing coverage to just over 40% of global oil and gas production.OGCI’s Aiming for Zero…
