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Coal 2025 Executive summary
Global coal demand in 2025 is set to remain close to 2024 levels amid unusual regional trends Key factors such as weather, fuel prices and policy decisions all shaped global coal consumption in 2025, driving changes in demand that often ran counter to recent country or regional trends.In India – one of the traditional engines of coal demand growth – an early and strong monsoon season depressed electricity demand and boosted hydropower output. As a result, the country’s annual coal power generation is set to decline year-on-year for only the third time in the past five decades. In…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
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Global Energy Review 2026 Technology: Electric vehicles
…heavy- freight truck sales also started to pick up in Europe, increasing by around 40% and reaching a 3% market share in 2025. In the United States, electric car sales declined by 2%, largely the result of the elimination both of federal tax credits after September and of fines for not meeting fuel economy standards. Before the elimination of tax credits, sales in the United States reached an all-time high in the third quarter of 2025. Emerging market and developing economies outside China continued to see significant growth in electric car sales, registering an annual increase of around 80%…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Global Methane Tracker 2026 Regional insights
Central and South America The fossil fuel sector in Central and South America emitted just under 8 million tonnes (Mt) of methane in 2025, around half of which was from oil and gas facilities in Venezuela. Oil and gas facilities are the main sources of methane emissions in Venezuela, Argentina and Brazil, whereas in Colombia emissions are split roughly evenly between coal mining and oil and gas activities. In Venezuela, the upstream methane emissions intensity of oil and gas operations is nearly six times the global average, and flaring intensity is around 12 times higher. The intensities of operations in Argentina…
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Ukraine’s Energy Security As Ukraine heads into another heating season, six measures can help improve energy security
Air defence remains the best method to protect Ukraine’s critical energy and civilian infrastructure. However, there are other steps that can be taken to increase Ukraine’s energy security ahead of and during the coming winter. The IEA proposes six key actions for Ukraine and its partners to help address ongoing energy security challenges. Action 1: Boost protections for critical energy infrastructure and continue improving equipment supply chains Strengthening the security of critical energy infrastructure across Ukraine is vital to maintaining capacity this winter. A multilayered defence strategy, whereby air defence is combined with passive defence measures, can serve…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Trends in other EV modes
…trucks (i.e. trucks compliant with China IV emissions standards or earlier pollutant emissions standards) with cleaner trucks – either new energy vehicles or conventional trucks that meet China VI emissions standards. The subsidy is sufficient to cover around 20-50% of the average electric truck price premium in China. Decarbonisation targets for heavy industry have also strongly supported the switch to electric trucks, especially in the steel and cement sectors. In addition, Stage 4 heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) fuel consumption standards came into effect in July 2025, requiring a 12-16% improvement compared to Stage 3 by including stricter fuel consumption limits, adjusting the…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Outlook for clean cooking in Africa
…bioethanol, and biogas together making up the remainder. Natural gas only plays a role in a few dense urban areas in gas-producing countries. The consumption of modern cooking fuels grows sixfold by 2040 in the ACCESS. This implies a fivefold increase in LPG and electricity consumption for cooking over today’s levels, and ten-fold for modern bioenergy, albeit from a low starting point. These increases are meaningful for African and international markets in the long-term. Sub‑Saharan Africa’s LPG demand for cooking in 2040 is equal to 8% of today’s global LPG market – around 940 kbd. Bioethanol demand…
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Trends in electric car affordability
Falling battery pack prices and intensifying competition underpin progress in electric car affordability Today, electric cars often have a lower total cost of ownership than ICE cars over the vehicle lifetime, due to reduced fuel and maintenance expenses. However, reducing the purchase price gap will be key to broader uptake. In Europe, for example, respondents to a 2023 survey by the European Commission identified the price of battery electric cars as the main barrier to adoption. While battery electric car prices generally fell in 2024, the price gap with ICE cars remains in most regions. Electric car affordability has made…
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Indicators Handbook for Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions Introduction
In addition to reducing emissions, clean energy transitions present unique opportunities to create socio-economic benefits (e.g. new decent jobs, reduced energy poverty and improved air quality). Tracking these benefits can help highlight and communicate the positive effects of clean energy transitions across different population groups. This year, the South African G20 Presidency and Brazilian COP30 Presidency have prioritised just and inclusive energy transitions and this Indicators Handbook has been developed to support and promote these efforts.The Indicators Handbook is based on the voluntary G20 Principles for Just and Inclusive Transitions, endorsed by G20 leaders in November 2024…
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Coal 2025 Supply
…s level. This marks a plateau before entering an expected downturn later in the decade. The decrease reflects weaker output in major exporters such as Indonesia (output at 778 Mt) and Australia (output at 446 Mt), where lower prices and weaker import demand weighed on supply. China has maintained growth but at a slower pace, reaching 4 730 Mt as authorities implemented summer supply cuts to manage inventories amid low prices. India’s production is projected to remain broadly stable at 1 089 Mt, supported by captive and commercial mines despite seasonal disruptions. In contrast to previous years, US output has risen to 473 Mt, driven by…
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Trade
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+ 2 pages
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Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency for Business Health and well-being
…indoor air quality through poor maintenance or fuel handling.Energy efficiency plays a central role in reducing these health risks. By lowering overall energy demand and enabling the adoption of cleaner technologies, efficiency measures can significantly reduce emissions of local air pollutants. This is particularly important for the 70% of manufacturing processes that rely on low- and medium-temperature heat, for which more efficient and cleaner alternatives are available.Electrified heat technologies, including industrial heat pumps, can lead to a sharp decline in local emissions while delivering higher levels of efficiency. Although emissions may still occur upstream in electricity generation…
