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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Southeast Asia
Highlights Hydrogen demand in Southeast Asia reached 4 Mt in 2024, almost 4% of the global total. Hydrogen production accounted for about 8% of the regional gas supply and 1% of regional CO2 emissions. Indonesia represents over a third of regional demand, followed by Malaysia (22%), Viet Nam (15%) and Singapore (12%). Nearly half of all demand is for ammonia, of which two-thirds comes from Indonesia alone. Refining accounts for a third of demand, with 40% located in Singapore; methanol represents the remaining 20%, with 69% in Malaysia. The region currently exports ammonia (15% of production) and imports methanol.Indonesia, Lao…
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An Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Colombia Executive summary
…Its economy has grown steadily since 1971, even during the “lost decade” experienced by LAC in the 1980s, and with very few exceptions during global crises. GDP has increased by an annual average of 2.4% since 2015, outpacing the regional average of 1.2%. This growth has been accompanied by tangible improvements in indicators of living standards for Colombia’s population: access to clean cooking and electricity have significantly improved, both standing at more than 90% in 2024; the country’s poverty rate has fallen from 24% in 2000 to below 8%. Fossil fuel exports have been important for…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Investment and innovation
…in China and Europe, while the United States allocates a larger share to CCUS-equipped production. Over 50% of total investment in 2024 and 2025 targets hydrogen use in oil refining and industrial facilities with existing hydrogen demand.Guarantees and risk-sharing instruments are essential to scaling up hydrogen projects, particularly for first-of-a-kind deployments and emerging technologies. Collaboration among original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), project developers, public funders and insurers may help reduce perceived risk and strengthen investor confidence.Hydrogen venture capital (VC) fundraising fell by one-third in 2024, outpacing declines in broader energy VC. Publicly traded hydrogen…
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Energy and AI AI for energy optimisation and innovation
…that would block their complete adoption. For example, we consider variations in adoption by region by factoring in the availability of enabling digital infrastructure. AI applications for optimising energy systems Oil and gas companies have been among the earliest adopters of new technologies to boost exploration and production. In 2000, 11 supercomputers operated by oil and gas companies ranked among the world’s 500 fastest. By 2024, this number had increased to 24, and total computing capacity has grown at almost 70% annually, outpacing the broader supercomputing industry. AI has various applications in the sector, including for subsurface data processing…
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Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Impact analysis of the two largest LNG import regions
…growing reliance on spot-traded supply, notably in LNG. From 2015 to 2021, the share of short-term and spot-traded LNG imports grew from 10% to about 40% – a share that kept growing through the crisis years to reach 46% in 2024. This allowed importers and buyers to forgo an element of volume risk in their contracting while taking on an element of price risk in cases of immediate and unforeseen demand requirements.Equally central to the continent’s natural gas landscape is its extensive underground gas storage capacity, totalling about 100 bcm, spread across 19 EU member states…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 5. Silk Road fund commitment in African Infrastructure Investment Fund IV
…TLG), which operates rail and port assets and is working to cut corridor emissions through improved operational efficiency.Through its participation, the SRF gains exposure to a diversified portfolio of sustainable assets across multiple African markets rather than through single-asset project finance. It has also appointed a representative to AIIF’s ESG Advisory Committee, strengthening the fund’s environmental and governance approach. Financing model and China’s role AIIF4 reached financial close in August 2024 at USD 748 million, with an additional USD 206 million approved for co-investment. Its investor base comprises 29 institutions, including DFIs, pension funds, insurance…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Technology: Nuclear
…and Russia each completing work on a new reactor. However, these additions were offset by the retirement of 3 GW of nuclear capacity, two-thirds of which was in Belgium. In total, global nuclear capacity remained at 420 GW at the end of 2025, with reactors in operation in over 30 countries. There were ten construction starts in 2025 – nine in China and one in Russia – with a total capacity of 12.2 GW. Over the past decade, 94% of nuclear reactors that started construction were of Chinese or Russian design. The capacity of nuclear reactors under construction is one…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Austria 2026 Executive summary
…across sectors. Austria must revisit and realign its delivery mechanisms and available financial resources to help close the gap to reach its targets. This report provides timely advice on how Austria can achieve its policy goals with particular focus on two areas: energy system flexibility and industrial competitiveness and decarbonisation.Energy affordability and industrial competitiveness are under pressure. Austria’s industries – which contributed 22% of gross domestic product (GDP) and employed 26% of the workforce in 2024 – face challenges from high energy prices, competitive pressures and the need to decarbonise. In response to the energy crisis in 2021-2022, the…
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Universal Access to Clean Cooking in Africa Clean cooking: State of play and recent progress
…with women and children facing the greatest exposure, and accounts for annual emissions equivalent to 1.2 Gt CO2-eq, roughly equivalent to the global CO2 emissions from international aviation and shipping. The challenge is most severe in sub-Saharan Africa, where four out of five households lack clean cooking access today. To spur global action on the issue, the International Energy Agency (IEA) convened the Summit on Clean Cooking in Africa with the objective of making 2024 a turning point. The Summit resulted in USD 2.2 billion in public and private sector commitments, alongside pledges by twelve African governments to…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap Building the market
…front is much easier than fighting widespread misinformation. Consumers may also be unaware of existing government incentives to promote heat pumps, especially since these have only been introduced in recent years. The 2024-2025 energy challenges stemming from the gas transit shut-off to Ukraine, alongside progress in diversifying Moldova’s natural gas supplies, provide a timely opportunity to promote the benefits of heat pumps.Awareness campaigns on heat pumps will be key to educating the public on the long-term cost savings potential for households as well as the environmental benefits. They will also help dispel some of the…
