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Renewables 2025 Executive summary
…Indonesia, Japan, Türkiye, Kenya and the Philippines.The forecast for growth in global renewable power capacity is revised down slightly, mainly due to policy changes in the United States and China. The renewable energy growth forecast for the 2025-2030 period is 5% lower compared with last year’s report, reflecting policy, regulatory and market changes since October 2024. The forecast for the United States is revised down by almost 50%. This reflects several policy changes, including the earlier phase out of federal tax credits, new import restrictions, the suspension of new offshore wind leasing and restricting the permitting of…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Policy mechanisms for diversified mineral supplies
…These cost pressures, combined with ongoing price volatility and economic uncertainty, have constrained the growth of alternative supply sources. Well-designed market-based mechanisms can accelerate diversification without requiring unsustainable public support While public financial support is essential to unlock near-term investment, particularly for early-stage or high-risk projects, it is important to build a lasting market for more diversified supply chains through rule-based market mechanisms. Attention is therefore increasingly turning to mechanisms that can mitigate some of the key price and volume uncertainties, including standards-based incentives and demand-side structures. Price stabilisation mechanisms such as…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Understanding GEC Model scenarios
…The Current Policies Scenario (CPS) and the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) are exploratory, in that they define a set of starting conditions, such as policies and targets, and see where they lead based on model representations of energy systems that reflect market dynamics and technological progress.In addition, we include three scenarios that have normative elements relating to energy access or the achievement of various goals related to emissions. This means that these scenarios work toward a defined outcome and map out a way to achieve it. The Accelerating Clean Cooking and Electricity Services Scenario (ACCESS) - an additional scenario included…
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An Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Colombia Executive summary
…gas emissions have grown; Colombia has pledged to achieve net zero emissions Economic and population growth have resulted in Colombia’s total energy demand almost doubling between 2000 and 2024. As three-quarters of this growth has been supplied by fossil fuels, energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions increased by more than 50% over the same period. Energy-related emissions comprised around 30% of its total GHG emissions in 2021. Other key sources of emissions are from land use, land-use change and forestry, which represented almost 40% of the total in 2021. Agricultural emissions represent 20% of the 2021…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Cooking fuels
LPG demand accounts for around 10% of global oil demand and is used by many households for cooking. The conflict has caused major disruptions to LPG supply chains. With natural gas processing operations halted in parts of the region and flows through the Strait of Hormuz having come to a standstill, LPG supplies for cooking use have been severely curtailed, both locally and at export destinations. Next to measures to free up LPG capacity from other uses, such as in transport or industry, to prioritise domestic use, there are also actions to directly reduce cooking fuel demand. 9. Where possible…
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Integrating Distributed Energy Resources in China Executive summary
…could help alleviate them, but China’s market and regulatory conditions have so far constrained their full participation as system assets.Policy responses have begun to emerge, signalling a turning point in integrating DER into power grids and markets. National regulations introduced in 2025 cancelled the profitable and widely implemented guaranteed purchase option for the largest DPV installations, requiring instead self-consumption models. At the same time, high-level policy documents are promoting market access for distributed generation and aggregators. Grid companies have announced record levels of investment and are assessing how much additional capacity the grid can safely accommodate…
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Energy Efficiency Policy Toolkit The Energy Efficiency Policy Package
The Energy Efficiency Policy Package
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Energy and AI Energy supply for AI
…generation for data centre operations by 2035. Consequently, CO2 emissions from electricity generation for data centres peak at around 320 Mt CO2 by 2030, before entering a shallow decline to around 300 Mt CO2 by 2035. Despite rapid growth, data centres remain a relatively small part of the overall power system, rising from about 1% of global electricity generation today to 3% in 2030, accounting for less than 1% of total global CO2 emissions. Regional outlook The United States and China are by far the largest data centre markets today. In both countries, most of the electricity consumed by data centres...
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Renewables in District Energy Executive summary
…of consumption in energy-importing countries, exposing consumers to price volatility and geopolitical supply risks. While efficiency improvements – including the shift to combined heat and power – have reduced emissions intensity, overall fossil fuel use remains high. Coal accounts for around half of global district heat production, with natural gas contributing close to one-third, reflecting continued reliance on legacy infrastructure and established supply chains, particularly in China and Eastern Europe. Existing networks provide a platform for fuel switching and the integration of renewables and waste heat, making district energy a key lever to advance, energy security and system efficiency and…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Targeted consumer support to enhance energy affordability
Many governments around the world are reacting quickly to protect consumers from increasing fuel prices. In the days following the conflict in the Middle East, the IEA has tracked announcements from around 40 countries that are deploying or considering deploying emergency measures to shelter consumers from price increases. Immediate government responses have been to implement price caps, fuel subsidies and shifts in taxation, along with price stabilisation mechanisms that can quickly set limits on consumer price increases. Previous crises, including the Covid-19 pandemic and the 2022 energy crisis, demonstrated that impacts often fall disproportionately on the poorer segments of…