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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Policy recommendations and milestones
…toward a sustainable transport sector, a clear roadmap with structured policy recommendations and milestones is essential. To be sure, the transition faces challenges ranging from geopolitical risks to resource limitations. However, it also offers significant opportunities to lower CO2 emissions, improve transport accessibility for people and businesses, enhance regional and international connectivity and wean Armenia from its dependence on imported fossil fuels.In the summary below, the recommendations offered in this roadmap have been grouped into three categories to help the government prioritise its actions effectively and ensure a systematic transition toward low-carbon mobility. Each category reflects the level…
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Sweden
Sweden is a global leader in decarbonisation and has targets to cut greenhouse gas emissions 59% by 2030 compared with 2005, and to have a net-zero carbon economy by 2045. Sweden was the first country to introduce carbon pricing and has the highest carbon price in the world, which has proven effective at driving decarbonisation. Most of Sweden’s electricity supply comes from hydro and nuclear, along with a growing contribution from wind. Heating is supplied mainly through bioenergy-based district heating and heat pumps.
Most of Sweden’s greenhouse gas emissions come from the transport sector, which remains…- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Buildings
Implement zero-carbon-ready building standards for new and existing buildings, establish enforcement and compliance procedures
Building energy codes are an essential policy tool for improving buildings performance. Adapting energy codes to include metrics for life cycle emissions and resiliency requirements is fundamental to reflect evolving needs for decarbonising buildings and improving building performance, comfort, and resilience. Regulations can also require that new buildings be “demand-response ready” to enable future flexibility.
Introduce supporting information instruments and incentives to drive implementation of the regulations
Building energy performance certificate schemes or disclosure programmes can enhance compliance with building codes by publicising…
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Ramping up Heat Pumps in Moldova: A Roadmap
…underscores the country’s commitment to European integration. Outlining an effective path to decarbonise energy use is a prerequisite for joining the bloc and heat pumps can play a central role in this.Moldova faces several notable barriers to heat pump adoption including the high upfront costs of heat pump technology and installation, alongside limited industry experience. Public awareness and demand for heat pumps remain low, with many consumers deterred by cost and maintenance concerns.This roadmap takes stock of the current landscape, draws on the experience of other countries and offers policy recommendations to spark a discussion and advance…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Steel
State of the transition Emissions Total CO2 emissions remain largely unchanged from recent years, while direct CO2 emissions intensity has seen an uptick since 2021. Both must fall in the coming years to get on track with the IEA’s Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE Scenario). Cost Blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) routes make up about 70% of global steel production today.Hydrogen direct reduced iron electric arc furnace (H2 DRI-EAF) routes are emerging as a preferred low-emissions option in certain regions. Early commercial plants using 100% hydrogen blends are estimated to cost 50…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
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Renewables for Industry
…with increasing deployment of renewable electricity supply, can deliver multiple benefits. In addition to reducing fossil fuel use and associated emissions, it can improve energy security by lowering exposure to volatile gas and oil prices and, when integrated with thermal storage, it can create demand flexibility that helps ensure a higher share of variable renewable generation.This report explores how to expand the role of renewables in the industrial energy mix through electrification of low-temperature heat and steam. It focuses on the European Union, China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), examining their techno-economic potential and…
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Ireland
Ireland put in place an ambitious and comprehensive set of policies and targets to reach net zero by 2050 and 80% of renewable electricity generation by 2030, but now their implementation needs to accelerate. Natural gas will remain an important part of the energy mix at least until the mid-2030s, especially to meet peak electricity demand, but offshore renewable energy will become the cornerstone of Ireland’s energy transition beyond 2030. Given Ireland’s current exclusive reliance on energy imports from the United Kingdom, energy security is a major concern to the government while transitioning to a (variable) renewables…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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China
China’s growing energy needs are increasingly met by renewables, natural gas and electricity. The scale of China’s future electricity demand and the challenge of decarbonising the power supply help explain why global investment in electricity overtook that of oil and gas for the first time in 2016, and why electricity security is moving firmly up the policy agenda. That said, cost reductions for renewables are not sufficient on their own to secure efficient decarbonisation or reliable supply.
Between 2019 and 2024, China will account for 40% of global renewable capacity expansion, driven by improved system integration, lower curtailment…- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap
…industrial base that can help to restore the fiscal balance. This is a long-term opportunity that will not happen overnight, but efforts need to start today to progressively build the experience required to enable such an industry in the future.The report identifies the actions required across four pillars (physical assets, regulation, financing and cross-cutting areas) and three time horizons (covering from 2 to 20 years), in order to provide a roadmap to enable the renewable hydrogen opportunity. Policy recommendations Explore what actions can be taken in the short term to lay the foundations for future hydrogen deployment.
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Trade and infrastructure
…investment decision (FID). Most projects are in Europe and China, where the world’s longest, largest-diameter hydrogen pipelines are currently being built. In Germany, work began on repurposing a 400 km section of a natural gas pipeline in 2025, in a world-first repurposing project of this scale.If all announced underground hydrogen storage projects are realised by 2035, around 11 TWh of capacity (325 kt H₂) will be available. However, only 5% has reached FID or is under construction, equivalent to 2.5% of the annual output from committed low-emissions hydrogen projects. Progress remains concentrated in Germany, where one commercial-scale…
