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The Future of Electricity in the Middle East and North Africa
…region’s climate, characterised by extreme heat and water scarcity, implies that reliable and resilient electricity systems are integral to meeting soaring demand for cooling and water desalination. This outlook provides an unprecedented regional overview of demand patterns for cooling and water desalination including country-level data.How countries across the region meet this increased demand will have profound implications for the region’s economic future but also for global energy markets. This report also explores the challenges and opportunities to sustainably meet electricity demand growth by exploring the potential of both demand and supply side policies and measures. Translation
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Key Questions on Energy and AI
Following the publication of the IEA’s landmark Energy and AI report in 2025, this report examines how the energy and AI nexus has evolved amid surging investment in data centres and rapid advances in model capabilities. Drawing on fresh datasets and analysis, it explores where electricity demand is rising, how quickly grids and supply chains can respond, and what these shifts mean for energy security, affordability and sustainability.
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Critical Mineral Traceability for Energy and Economic Security
…how they move through supply chains, who has custody of them and how they are transformed is increasingly important for policymakers seeking to create diversified and responsible supply chains.This report provides insights from a first-of-its kind survey on traceability conducted by the IEA and OECD. More than 80 respondent companies active across supply chains of the six focus minerals (copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements) provided results between October and December 2025. Drawing on these, the report assesses the current state of company traceability practices, examines how governments are deploying traceability as a policy…
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Hydrogen
…despite wave of cancellations and persistent challenges
Worldwide hydrogen demand increased to almost 100 million tonnes in 2024, up 2% from 2023 and in line with overall energy demand growth. The vast majority of this was met by hydrogen produced from fossil fuels without measures in place to capture associated emissions. Sectors that have traditionally used hydrogen, such as oil refining and industry, remained the biggest consumers.
The uptake of low-emissions hydrogen is not yet meeting the expectations set by industry and governments in recent years, especially in light of a recent wave of project delays and cancellations. However…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies
…linked to uneven availability of concessional or long-tenor finance.This report maps and analyses these changes through an energy sector-level dataset covering 2015 to 2024. It explores how China’s evolving financing model is reshaping instruments, institutions and regional allocation patterns, and also considers the strategic and practical implications for EMDE energy transitions.The analysis is complemented by case studies covering a range of technologies and financial structures – from large-scale renewables and electricity distribution to green industrial projects, waste-to-energy and upstream developments – which show how China’s official actors operate in practice across contrasting markets…
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Electricity 2026 Supply
…Coal-fired generation remained relatively flat in 2025, following a 1.4% increase in 2024. Declines in China and India were offset by gains in the United States, Eurasia and other Asian markets. Natural gas-fired output grew by around 0.5% y-o-y, a moderation from the 2.2% in 2024, amid gas-to-coal switching in various regions due to higher gas-prices compared to 2024. Nuclear generation was up 1.2% y-o-y, supported by restarts in Japan, higher output in France, and newly commissioned reactors in China and other countries. By contrast, oil-fired...
- Executive summary
- Demand
- Supply
- Grids
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+ 4 pages
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Czechia 2025 Executive summary
…should be targeted and temporary, and low-carbon alternatives should be prioritised to avoid overreliance on natural gas, which would result in fossil fuel lock-in. To avoid this lock-in, Czechia is on course to further develop renewable and low-carbon gases, which can be potentially used in the same infrastructure as natural gas. In the first half of 2025, Czechia stopped importing oil from the Russian Federation for the first time, instead importing from alternative suppliers, including liquefied natural gas (LNG) markets. Supplies of nuclear fuel are also being diversified. Two-way cross‑border links are important for electricit...
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Coal
Global coal demand to remain on a plateau in 2025 and 2026
Despite unusual trends across several major markets in the first half of 2025, global coal demand is likely to remain broadly unchanged to 2027 as underlying structural drivers of the world’s coal use remain stable.
Global coal demand increased to a new all-time high in 2024 of around 8.8 billion tonnes, up 1.5% from 2023, as rising consumption in China, India, Indonesia and other emerging economies more than offset declines in advanced economies in Europe, North America and northeast Asia. However, several of those…
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Cost of Capital Observatory
Tracking the cost of capital for clean energy projects in emerging and developing economies The Cost of Capital Observatory is an initiative from the IEA, the World Economic Forum, ETH Zurich and Imperial College London. The aim of the Observatory is to increase transparency in the energy sector and inspire investor confidence, especially in emerging and developing countries where data on financing costs is scarcer.The Observatory is divided into three sections:A Dashboard that provides free data on the cost of capital for energy projects in emerging and developing economies, updated with 2023 and 2024 data in July and…
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Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane
…the use of biomethane has been targeted across a wide range of sectors, including power, industry, transport and buildings. This report presents a first-of-its-kind global geographical analysis of the untapped potential of biogas and biomethane from agriculture, municipal waste and forestry residues. Using detailed geospatial and production cost data, it assesses the potential, costs and suitability of over 30 types of feedstocks in more than 5 million locations worldwide.More broadly, the report also analyses the current state of play of the biogas and biomethane sector, reviewing today’s policies, business models, consumption patterns and supply trends…
