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Critical Mineral Traceability for Energy and Economic Security
Amid rising risks linked to the high concentration of critical mineral supply chains, the ability to track where minerals originate, how they move through supply chains, who has custody of them and how they are transformed is increasingly important for policymakers seeking to create diversified and responsible supply chains.This report provides insights from a first-of-its kind survey on traceability conducted by the IEA and OECD. More than 80 respondent companies active across supply chains of the six focus minerals (copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements) provided results between October and December 2025. Drawing on…
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World Energy Investment 2025 How we track investment in energy
Tracking energy investment The way investment is measured across the energy spectrum varies, largely because of differences in the availability of data and the nature of expenditures. This document highlights the methodology used to ensure that the estimates are consistent and comparable across sectors in the World Energy Investment 2025 (WEI 2025) report and other publications from the International Energy Agency.The IEA measures investment as the ongoing capital spending on assets. For some sectors, such as power generation, this investment is spread out evenly from the year in which a new plant or upgrade of an existing one takes…
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Oil Market Report - July 2025
The IEA Oil Market Report (OMR) is one of the world's most authoritative and timely sources of data, forecasts and analysis on the global oil market – including detailed statistics and commentary on oil supply, demand, inventories, prices and refining activity, as well as oil trade for IEA and selected non-IEA countries. Highlights World oil demand growth is forecast to increase by 700 kb/d in 2025, its lowest rate since 2009, with the exception of the 2020 Covid year. Annual growth eased from 1.1 mb/d in 1Q25 to just 550 kb/d in 2Q25, with emerging…
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Powering Ireland’s Energy Future Executive summary
Ireland faces strategic choices to align its energy, climate and socio-economic goals through 2035 Over the next decade, decision makers in Ireland will need to balance a range of trends and policy ambitions that have strong implications for the power sector. Ireland has set a range of policy goals spanning the next decade, from improving energy security by reducing its reliance on imported fossil fuels, to meeting its climate targets, expanding its housing stock, and supporting the growth of digital infrastructure such as data centres. These ambitions all have strong links to the country's power sector, with implications…
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Energy Efficiency 2025 Transport
How and where is energy used? Total final consumption in 2024 was over 450 EJ and has grown by around 25 EJ since 2019. Transport accounts for around 30% of global energy demand and have contributed around 10% of the growth in total demand since 2019. Road transport accounts for nearly 90% of total domestic energy demand. The remaining 10% is split between domestic aviation, domestic shipping and rail.In advanced economies, passenger cars dominate road transport demand, accounting for around 65% of the transport energy use. Trucks make up most of the remainder. Buses play a minor role in energy demand…
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Rwanda
Rwanda included strong commitments to its intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) to the Paris Agreement. The country plans to increase its carbon sink capacity through sustainable forest management practices and to reduce emissions from the agricultural sector. In 2019, Rwanda’s energy mix was dominated by biomass and waste (74%) and oil products (20%), while natural gas, coal and hydro account for the rest of the energy supply. In 2020, less than 5% of the population had access to clean cooking and 50% had access to electricity. With annual access growth of more than 3 percentage points, Rwanda has shown…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Government energy spending
Government energy spending declined as affordability measures were rolled back after 2022 crisis, though investment support continues above historical levels The energy sector has historically accounted for a relatively small share of government budgets, averaging around 1% in most countries. Over the past five years, however, government spending on energy has doubled compared with 2019 levels, reaching around 1.4% of total direct government expenditure in 2025. Levels have varied by country, with some reaching up to 5% of general expenditure. Although spending fell from its peak in 2023, disbursements in 2024 and 2025 remained significantly higher than in the…
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Oil
Oil
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Implications of CPS and STEPS
Between continuity and change By 2035, energy demand in the Current Policies Scenario (CPS) is around 35 exajoules (EJ) higher than in the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS), a difference roughly equivalent to the current annual energy demand of the Middle East. All the extra energy required in the CPS compared to the STEPS comes from oil, natural gas and coal. In the absence of renewed geopolitical disruptions, markets for oil and natural gas appear well supplied in the coming years. But production from existing oil fields declines at a rate of 8% per year, if no investment is made, so it…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025 Cement and concrete
State of the transition Emissions Total CO2 emissions are higher today than in 2015. Reductions in recent years have come from declines in global production, while direct CO2 emissions intensity remains unchanged.Both need to fall in the coming years to get on track for net zero by 2050, with contributions from improved material efficiency, greater use of alternative fuels and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and CCS. Cost Production costs for early commercial plants for near-zero emissions cement using CCS are estimated to be 75-150% higher than today’s conventional plants, varying by region.This cost premium will…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
