Fuel report
Gas 2020
Analysing the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on global natural gas markets
Gas
Natural gas is the cleanest burning and fastest growing fossil fuel, now accounting for about a quarter of global electricity generation. But its longer-term use is uncertain in a transition to net zero energy systems.
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While burning natural gas does emit greenhouse gases, it contributes far less CO2 and air pollutants than many of the fuels it is increasingly replacing, especially coal. Natural gas use grew rapidly this past decade, accounting for almost one-third of total energy demand growth, more than any other fossil fuel. Its use in coming years is expected to keep growing strongly in all the scenarios studied by the IEA, with sharp divergences afterwards.
Its storability, its ability to be delivered through pipelines or liquefied and sent by ship, as well as the ability of gas-fired power plants to turn on and off quickly, allows natural gas to respond to both seasonal and short-term demand fluctuations and to provide back-up to the growing use of variable renewables such as wind and power. Still, as part of global efforts to reach net zero emissions, natural gas use is expected to come under pressure in some countries.
The natural gas market is increasingly globalised, driven by the availability of shale gas and rising supplies of tradeable liquefied natural gas. The growth of the gas trade, as well as a shift away from long-term contracts towards spot pricing in many markets, has created greater interconnectivity between markets with demand or supply shocks in one region now having global implications, on both gas and electricity prices.
Its storability, its ability to be delivered through pipelines or liquefied and sent by ship, as well as the ability of gas-fired power plants to turn on and off quickly, allows natural gas to respond to both seasonal and short-term demand fluctuations and to provide back-up to the growing use of variable renewables such as wind and power. Still, as part of global efforts to reach net zero emissions, natural gas use is expected to come under pressure in some countries.
The natural gas market is increasingly globalised, driven by the availability of shale gas and rising supplies of tradeable liquefied natural gas. The growth of the gas trade, as well as a shift away from long-term contracts towards spot pricing in many markets, has created greater interconnectivity between markets with demand or supply shocks in one region now having global implications, on both gas and electricity prices.
Last updated Jan 17, 2022
Key findings
Natural gas demand growth by sector, 2019-2021
OpenThe gas supply system is under immense pressure
Winter 2021-2022 opens with record high seasonal gas prices, as the combination of a strong recovery in demand, extreme weather events and unplanned supply outages have led to tighter markets. Such tensions are a reminder that security of supply remains a major topic for gas markets, only a year after a record drop in demand and oversupplied markets.
Read the IEA's Executive Director commentaries on today's natural gas crisis
Read the IEA's Executive Director commentaries on today's natural gas crisis
Gas-fired generation in the Net Zero Scenario, 2010-2040
OpenNatural gas-fired power generation is expected to increase 1% in 2021
Natural gas-fired power generation contracted 2% in 2020 but is expected to increase 1% in 2021. At about 6 300 TWh, gas fuelled 24% of total global power generation in 2020. In the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, unabated gas-fired generation continues its growth in the short term, displacing coal-fired generation, but starts falling by 2030 and is 90% lower by 2040 compared to 2020. Increasingly, existing gas-fired power plants will need to be retrofitted with CCUS or co-fired with low-carbon fuels such as hydrogen to be consistent with Net Zero Scenario levels.
Upstream flaring CO2 emissions by region in the Net Zero Scenario, 1985-2030
OpenFlaring emissions must drop rapidly to get on track with the IEA's Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario
Globally, 142 bcm of natural gas was flared in 2020 – roughly equivalent to the natural gas demand of Central and South America. This resulted in around 265 Mt CO2, nearly 8 Mt of methane (240 Mt CO2-eq) and black soot and other GHGs being directly emitted into the atmosphere. Five countries (Russia, Iraq, Iran, the United States and Algeria) accounted for more than half of all volumes flared globally in 2020.
Many options are available to reduce flaring, but they will likely require new gas monetisation strategies, business models, and more stringent (and enforced) regulations. An increasing number of companies is committing to eliminate flaring by 2030. The Net-Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario requires all non-emergency flaring to be eliminated globally by 2030, resulting in a 90% reduction in flared volumes by 2030.
Many options are available to reduce flaring, but they will likely require new gas monetisation strategies, business models, and more stringent (and enforced) regulations. An increasing number of companies is committing to eliminate flaring by 2030. The Net-Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario requires all non-emergency flaring to be eliminated globally by 2030, resulting in a 90% reduction in flared volumes by 2030.
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Analysis
Commentary
Europe and the world need to draw the right lessons from today’s natural gas crisis
Country report
Implementing Gas Market Reforms in Brazil
Insights from European experience
Tracking report
Natural Gas-Fired Power
Tracking progress 2021
Tracking report
Tracking Fuel Supply 2021
Tracking Progress 2021
Tracking report
Methane Emissions from Oil and Gas
Tracking progress 2021
Commentary
Despite short-term pain, the EU’s liberalised gas markets have brought long-term financial gains
Flagship report
World Energy Outlook 2021
Events
08 Jul 2021 09:30—11:30
China Launch of Gas 2021
30 Jun 2021 10:00—11:00
IEA Reporting on Gas Market Analysis
28 Apr 2021 13:00—17:30
5th IEA-IEF-OPEC Symposium on Gas and Coal Market Outlooks
15 Apr 2021
Gas 2021 (Q2)
Latest news
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