• Country

        Mongolia

        Coal is the first source of electricity generation in Mongolia, but the country has recently begun using hydro, solar and wind power, and has adopted a law aiming to increase and regulate the use of renewables.

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        • Country

        Myanmar

        In Myanmar, a steep increase in the share of gas-fired power generation reflects a push to take advantage of its abundant domestic resources. The country however has ample scope to rely on renewables in its electrification strategy.

        Myanmar Flag

        • Country

        Moldova

        Moldova is almost fully dependent on fossil fuel and electricity imports, with natural gas serving most of its energy needs. The government plans to diversify the energy mix with renewables such as wind and solar. Moldova is part of the EU4Energy Programme, which focuses on improving evidence-based policy making for the energy sector.

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        • Country

        Botswana

        Coal production is set to increase in Botswana, but exports remain limited and mainly involve trade with neighbouring countries. Regarding electrification rates, the country has recently made good progress through a large push for mini-grid and off-grid solutions in rural areas.

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        • Fuel report

        • Jul 2025

        Coal Mid-Year Update 2025 Supply

        …to reach an all-time high in 2024. China remained the largest producer, maintaining output at 4 666 Mt. Although Shanxi, traditionally the largest coal producing province, reduced production by 7% to 1 273 Mt due to safety-related constraints, national volumes were sustained by strong growth in Inner Mongolia (up 90 Mt) and Xinjiang (up 78 Mt).India increased production by 7% to reach 1 082 Mt, around three-quarters of which is produced by Coal India Limited (CIL), which remains the main driver of national output. CIL output grew 4%, or 29 Mt. However, the largest gains came from captive and commercial…

        Shutterstock 2575296765 Coal Mid Year Update 2025

        • Country

        North Macedonia

        North Macedonia

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        • Country

        Kazakhstan

        Kazakhstan is a significant producer of coal, crude oil and natural gas, and a major energy exporter. While coal dominates the country’s energy mix, renewable sources of energy are a small but growing share of Kazakhstan’s electricity generation. Gas pipeline network expansion remains a priority, in order to expand access and reduce reliance on coal and LPG for household consumption. Kazakhstan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.

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        • Policy

        • Mongolia

        • 2021

        Revised/Updated NDC of Mongolia

        Mongolia aims at reducing its GHG emissions by 22.7% relatively to a business-as-usual trajectory by 2030, and up to 27.2% by the same date, conditional on the provision of international support.

        • Policy

        • Mongolia

        • 2025

        Second NDC of Mongolia

        Mongolia aims at reducing its GHG emissions by 30.3% relatively to a business-as-usual trajectory by 2030, reaching 46.3% with net emissions including forest removals, and up to 52.8% by the same date, conditional on the provision of international support.

        • Policy

        • Mongolia

        • 2014

        Mongolia Mineral Law 2014

        The purpose of this Law is to regulate prospecting, exploration and mining of minerals within the territory of Mongolia and is applicable for exploration and mining of all types of mineral resources except water, petroleum and natural gas. Mineral resources naturally occurring on and under the earth's surface in Mongolia are considered the property of the State. The State, as the owner, has the right to grant exploration and mining rights as set forth in the terms and conditions of this law. Particularly in relation to environmental, social and governance issues, article 42 of the law requires the mineral…

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