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Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency for Business Operational benefits
…seen in industrial processes. In food processing, for example, a high-efficiency centrifugal compressor has been shown to reduce energy consumption by more than 40% while cutting maintenance costs by 85%. Similarly, the use of variable speed drive (VSD) motors in heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems under high-temperature conditions in a plant in Saudi Arabia reduced energy consumption by 30% and maintenance costs by 20%.Cross-sector analysis shows these patterns are consistent across a wide range of technologies, from heat pumps and industrial motors to electric vehicles. Resource efficiency can amplify energy savings, almost doubling sav...
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Electric vehicle batteries
…underpinned by sustained growth in Southeast Asia, India and Brazil. Outlook for battery demand Electric vehicle battery demand jumps more than threefold by 2030 EV battery demand continues to grow, and is expected to reach more than 3 TWh in 2030 in the STEPS, up from about 1 TWh in 2024. While electric cars will remain the primary driver of battery demand, other modes are set to gain market share. Notably, the contribution of electric trucks to EV battery demand triples by 2030 to reach more than 8%, up from nearly 3% in 2024. Battery demand is also set to become more geographically…
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Global EV Outlook 2025 Outlook for electric mobility
…For further details on EV projections and impacts, refer to the IEA’s online Global EV Data Explorer, which is updated with each edition of the Global EV Outlook. Vehicle outlook by mode The global electric vehicle fleet grows fourfold to 2030 under stated policies By 2030, the fleet of EVs across all modes except 2/3Ws reaches 250 million in the STEPS – four times as many EVs as there were at the end of 2024. More than 90% are electric cars, which is similar to the share in 2024. In this scenario, the stock of EVs (excluding 2/3Ws) increases…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Manufacturing and trade
…brands in total imports from China grew from 50% in 2023 to more than 70% in 2025, while the share of Chinese-made electric cars from Tesla fell from 30% to 10% over the same period. Electric car production in other European countries was lower than domestic demand. In 2025, despite some growth in domestic production, those countries continued to rely significantly on imports, primarily from the European Union (representing over half of total sales in 2025) and China (30%). Most of the output was concentrated in Türkiye, led by Toyota and the domestic electric vehicle (EV)-maker Togg, in the United Kingdom…
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Critical Minerals
…today’s energy technologies and for the broader economy. For example, lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese and graphite are crucial to battery performance. Rare earth elements are essential indispensable to the permanent magnets used in wind turbines and electric vehicle motors. Electricity networks need a huge amount of aluminium and copper, the latter of which is the cornerstone of all electricity-related technologies. As demand for these materials grows strongly, their strategic importance has also increased – and policymakers have made ensuring secure and resilient mineral supply chains a major priority. Critical Minerals Security Programme The IEA Critical Minerals Security Programme is…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Current Policies Scenario
…are modest. Demand for oil rises to 113 million barrels per day by 2050, mainly due to its increased use in emerging market and developing economies for road transport, petrochemical feedstocks, and aviation. Electric vehicle (EV) uptake stalls in regions lacking strong policy support: China and Europe are the main exceptions, and they see continued growth in EV sales. Global natural gas demand rises to 5 600 billion cubic metres by 2050: demand in the Middle East increases strongly, but developing economies in Asia are the largest source of demand growth, and their rising supply needs are met by new pipelines from Russia…
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World Energy Outlook 2025 Stated Policies Scenario
…the STEPS, with India and other emerging market and developing economies leading demand growth. It increases more slowly than in the past decade as efficiency gains accelerate to 2.2% per year, driven by the increasing electrification of end-uses. Oil demand peaks at 102 million barrels per day (mb/d) around 2030 before gradually declining. Global electric car sales share rises from over 20% today to over 50% by 2035, despite lower electric vehicle (EV) sales in the United States in this Outlook. In 2035, over 840 million EVs displace 10 mb/d of oil, mainly in Asia and Europe. Oil…
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World Energy Employment 2024 Executive summary
…the sector once again surpassed expectations for new installations. While persistent, growth in other sectors was tempered by various complications. Employment in electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing and batteries grew by 410 000 as firms positioned themselves to capture more of the growing market, even as the vehicle manufacturing industry grappled with rising costs and increased global competition. While a number of wind manufacturers implemented layoffs as rising costs contributed to a slower-than-anticipated offshore project pipeline, total wind employment still climbed as a record number of new projects entered construction. Many sectors are also straining against shortages of skilled…
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Renewables 2021 Biofuels
…ethanol prices in Brazil and lower gasoline demand in the United States relative to 2019 levels are both driving lower ethanol volumes in 2021. By 2023 US and European gasoline demand has recovered from Covid-19 disruption, but remains well below 2019 levels (IEA, 2021c). Increasing energy efficiency, surging electric vehicle sales and behaviour change all contribute to lower demand. Lower gasoline demand reduces ethanol volumes under current policies. However, ethanol demand recovery in Brazil and growing demand in Asia eventually offset declines in the United States and Europe in 2023.By comparison, in 2021 biodiesel, renewable diesel and biojet…
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for liquid fuels
…Road transport, which has traditionally been the heartland of oil consumption, is undergoing structural changes, especially for personal mobility; nearly one-in-ten passenger cars sold worldwide in 2021 was an electric vehicle. And now high prices – and their economic impacts – are contributing further to near-term uncertainty. Key findings The oil market today is grappling with huge near-term and long-term uncertainties. Fears of recession loom large over the immediate prospects for demand, although China could boost oil use as it emerges from renewed lockdowns. Sanctions on Russia and dwindling spare capacity cast a shadow over the adequacy…
